搜索
XML之運用---知識管理工具TopicMaps(ISO/13250)飛資得資訊有限公司溫達茂中華民國91年8月22日WhatisXML•XMLisamethodfordefiningspecialmarkersor‘tags’thatcanbeinsertedintotexttoindicateitslogicalstructureandtomakeexplicitthemeaningorrhetoricalroleofitscomponentpartsWhyXML?•HTML:Containinginformationonlyaboutapage’sappearance.–H1Thefutureoftheelectronicscientificliterature/H1–H3byJohnSmith/H3•XML:Documenttobetaggedwithmachine-readable‘metadata’–articletitleThefutureoftheelectronicscientificliterature/articletitle–authorfirstnameJohn/firstnamelastnameSmith/lastname/authorHTMLVS.XML•LatinphraseQuidproquoinHTML–iQuidproquo/i•USBattleShipinHTML–iUSSConstitution/i•LatinphraseQuidproquoinSGML–foreignlang=latinQuidproquo/foreign•USBattleShipTitle–nametype=shipUSSConstitution/nameXMLIntelligence•GeorgeWashington--華盛頓總統nametype=personGeorgeWashington/name•Washington,D.C.--地名nametype=placeWashington,D.C./name•Washington'sArmy--華盛頓的軍隊nametype=orgWashington'sArmy/name•USSWashington--華盛頓號戰艦nametype=shipUSSWashington/nameXMLStructureforJournalArticleXML-StructuredDocumentforJournalArticleWhatdoesthatmean?(I)•Everypartofthedocumentisnotjustdisplayable,butalsodefinable,includingtablesand/orcharts.•Forexample,inascientificarticle,XMLtagscanbeusedtodistinguishthetitleofthearticlefromthenamesofitsauthorsorthecellsinatableWhatdoesthatmean?(II)•Analytical•StructuralXML--Analytical•Tag(Marker)--standardize--metadata:–DataInterchange--DublinCore–SystemCommunication--OpenUrlXML--Analytical--Application•DataInterchange–數位典藏計劃聯合目錄(OAI標準)–MARC的XML化•MachineCommunication–OpenUrlResolverXML--Structural•LogicalStructure•LogicalRelationshipXML--Structural--Application•XMLinHierarchicalandStructuralContext•MetadataWithinXML–KnowledgeStructure–KnowledgeOrganizationToolsThreeGeneralCategoriesofKnowledgeOrganization•TermList:–Emphasizinglistsoftermswithdefinitions•ClassificationandCategorization–Emphasizingthecreationofsubjectsets•RelationshipList:–EmphasizingtheconnectionsbetweentermsandconceptsTermLists•Authorityfiles•Glossaries•Dictionaries•GazetteersClassificationandCategorization•Subjectheadings•Classificationschemes,taxonomies,andcategorizationschemesRelationshipLists•Thesauri•TopicMaps•Semanticnetwork•OntologiesPrinciplesofKnowledgeOrganization1.GroupBy2.AssociationKeyIssuesinthePrinciple•Terms--Subjects--Concepts•SubjectRelationship--Concept與Concept之間的關係WhatisConcept(概念)?•定義:–概念是知識基本單位，也是思維最小單位–概念是人類斯為的重要組成部分,是反映事務特有屬性的思維方式•屬性:–概念的內涵:事務反映到概念的特有屬性,亦即構成此一概念的屬性總和•汽車的內涵是下列屬性的總和:“車”,“由發動機驅動”,“有駕駛”.–外延─概念的外延是事物反映到概念的數量範圍•該概念所包括的各個個體的總和，稱同類外延–大象此一概念的外延是印度象,非洲象.•構成整體的各部分的總和，稱成分外延–“化學元素系統”此一概念的外延是指氫,氧,硫….概念的邏輯暨語義關係(I)•同一關係–兩個概念的外延一樣。例如：「機器翻譯」和「自動翻譯」，都表示用機器進行的翻譯。•屬種關係–一個概念的外延把另一個概念的外延完全包含。•屬概念：例如：交通工具。外延較大，包含另一個概念全部外延的概念。•種概念：例如：汽車。被屬概念包含，外延較小的概念。概念的邏輯暨語義關係(II)•交叉關係–兩個概念外延有一部份相同，另一部份不同。例如：作家、教授。有部分作家是教授，也有部分作家不是教授。•全異關係–並列的全異關係：例如：鋼鐵工人、紡織工人，「工人」共同的鄰近屬概念。–非並列的全異關係：無共同的鄰近屬概念。例如：茶杯、水果概念的邏輯暨語義關係(III)•否定關係–一個概念的否定關係構成了另一個概念的屬性。例如：加壓、減壓概念的邏輯關係暨語義關係概念的屬性--邏輯--語義關係如何定義及運用於K.O.?WhatisTopicMap？TopicMap之定義•Definition:(T.A.O.)–AsetofTopics,Associations,Occurrence,Facet,andAddedThemeElementsthatareusedtoManageasetofTermsrelevanttoaparticularKnowledgeDomain.TopicMaps•aTopicMapisacollectionoftopicsand(semanticallymeaningful)relationshipsbetweenthesetopics•TopicMapslinkthesetopicswithexternalreferences,suchasresourcesbehindURLs•XTMservesasXML-basedinterchangeformatfortopicmapsTopicMaps(cont’d)•TMsarea“superimposedsemanticlayer”–connectionbetweentopicsandresourcesareURLs•TMscapturereal-worldsubjects/objectsbutalsoconcepts,like“TCP”or“love”–thesearedefinednotabsolutebutrelativetoeachotherTopicMaps(cont’d)•candealwithincompleteknowledge:–IknowthatPrinceCharleswasmarriedbutIdonotknowthenameofhiswife.•canbemerged:–Maybesomeoneelseknowsthatsomeonecalled‘Dianna’wasmarriedtoaBritishPrince–mergingmapsbyidentifyingcommontopicsTopicMaps(cont’d)•aresupposedtodealwithmanythousandtopics•arebuilttodenoteinformation,notknowledge(nosemanticnetwork)•arenotbuiltforaspecificapplicationbutwillbereusedinmanydifferentcontextsWhatisTopicMap•Informationconnectionisnotjustwebhyperlinks,insteadastructuredsemanticlinknetworkovertheresources--easyandselectivenavigationtotherequestedinformation.ElementsofTopicMap•Topics•Association•OccurrenceandResources•ScopeReification(Definition)•creationand/oridentificationofasubject•thistopic‘standsforthesubject’(proxy)•inthisprocess,atopicwillbecreatedand•characteristics(name,...)willbeassignedTopics•Atopiccanbeanything.Regardlesswhetheritexistsornot,whetheritisofphysicalnatureorjustanideaorexpression–Webresources(StockQuotes,Documents....)–realworld(someone,people,countries,....)•Atopiccanbeanyconcept.–Abstractidea(Happiness,Effectiveness)•Eachtopichasaninternalidentification(id),anexternalrepresentation(baseName),canhaveanynumberofexternalreferences(occurrence)andanynumberofclassification(instanceOf)•Topicsareonlyrepresentants:theyrepresent(proxy)thesubject;thesubjectitselfexistsoutsidethetopicmap--Thisiswhatasubjectisreifiedbyat