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非谓语：（不能单独做谓语，但同时仍保留动词某些特征的动词形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。）一、不定式与动名词做主语1.动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般习惯的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。例句：ReadingEnglishisreallyagreatfun.这里不强调看一次，看两次……表示的是一般性的行为Toreadenglishthismorningwilltakemostofmytime.这里用不定式表示一次具体的行为2.形式主语it的运用:1).不定式做主语,谓语用单数。往往用it做形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。例句：Tofinishthejobtookustwohours.Ittookustwohourstofinishthejob.（注：在不定式做主语的被动语态句子中，必须用形式主语it.）例句:itwasdecidedtogoforapicnictomorrow.2).Itis+adj.of/forsb.todosth.当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词构成系表结构时，用of,否则用for.例句：It’sveryniceofyoutohelpus.此时，不定时的逻辑主语是you，adj.是nice,二者构成系表结构，即可以说youarenice.此时应该用ofIt’simpossibleforustodefeattheboss.此时就不能说weareimpossible.因此应该用for3).用动名词做主语的句型：Itis/wasnogood(use,useless,fun)+doingsth.It’sworthwhiledoing例句：It’snousecryoverspiltmilk.覆水难收(it用法远不止这几个后面会有补充)3.成分对称：主语和表语都是非谓语动词时，应保持形式上一致。例句：Toseeistobelieve.Seeingisbelieving.眼见为实4.Therebeno+ving例句：Thereisnoparkingaroundhere.Nosmoking,please.练习题Itishard_________hismind.(tochange)Itisfun__________withaforeignman.(talking)Thereisno________whatwillhappen.(telling)Ilike_________thisnovelthismorning.(toread)二：做表语1.不定式做表语表具体个别的动作或有将来的含义。例句：Mywishistobecomeafamouswriter.2、现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征,表主动（interesting,amusing,disappointing,puzzling,exciting等）；进行时表示正在进行的动作。例句：iamteachingthechildtoswimwhenyoupassedby.Thestoryisamusing.(令人....的)3.过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。例句：Theshopisclosed.表状态Thedoorwasclosedbythewind.表被动4.注意如下动词的现在分词与过去分词用法不同：其实这些都是使役动词。interest，surprise，frighten，excite，tire，please，puzzle，satisfy，amuse，disappoint，inspire，worry.Thebookisinteresting.Thenewsissurprising.Thestoryisfritenting.Heisfritented.Afterhearingtheexcitingnews,hegaveaspeechinanexcitedvoice.练习题Theproblemis_____（puzzling）Thevillageis_______bymountains.(surrounded)Sheis________atthenews.(surprised)三：做宾语1只能用动名词做宾语的动词口诀a考虑建议盼原谅…cosidersuggest/adviselookforwardtodoingexcuse/pardenb承认推辞没得想…admitdelay/putofffancyc避免错过继续练…avoidmisskeep/keeponpracticee否认完成就欣赏…denyfinishenjoy/appreciatef禁止想象才冒险…forbidimagineriskg不禁介意准逃亡…can’thelpmindallow/permitescape此外：beusedto/leadto/devoteto/gobackto/objectto/getdoneto/payattentionto/can’tstand/giveup/feellike/insiston/thankyoufor/apologizefor/bebusy(in)havedifficulty、troublein//haveagood/wonderful/hardtimein//spendtimein等动词词组后面也加doing。2.跟动名词或不定式做宾语，有区别的。1).like,love,prefer后接动名词，表经常性的行为；接不定式，表具体的某次行为。如前有would/should，则后接不定式。但feellike只接动名词做宾语。例句：Ilikeswimming,butIdon’tliketoswimthisafternoon.2).在allow,advise,forbid,permit后，如后有名词或代词做宾语，则用不定式做宾补。即allow,advise,forbid,permit+doingsth./sb.todosth.例句：Wedon’tallowsmokinginthehall.Weallowyoutosmokehere.3).当need,require,want做“需要”讲时，其后必接tobedone(被动态)或ving（此时ving也表被动意义），表事情需要被做。want/need/require＋动名词主动式=want/need/require＋不定式被动式即need/want/require(需要)+tobedone/doing/sb.todosth例句：Thewindowneeds/want/requirestobecleaned/cleaning.4).worth后必须接动名词主动形式表被动。即beworth+名词/doingbeworthytobedonebeworthyof+名词/beingdone例句：Theplaceisworthvisiting.TheplaceisworthytobevisitedTheplaceisworthyof+avisit/beingvisited.5).在介词but,otherthan之后的不定式。如介词前有“do”,则不定式省略“to”,否则就带“to”.前有do，后无to例句：Wecoulddonothingbut/otherthanwait.Hehadnochoicebuttowait.另接不定式省略to的有：can’tchoosebut,can’thelpbut(只好),can’tbut，hadbetter,wouldrather.Eg:Hecannotchoosebutstayon.Youhadbettercomehereontime.Iwouldratherstaythanotherwise.6).当不定式做动词tell,show,understand,teach,discuss,wonder,findout,等词宾语时，前常带引导词how,what,whether，why，who等+todo,但why+不带to的不定式。例句：Idon’tknowwhattodo.Canyoutellmewhydoit?练习题：1.IcanhardlyimaginePeter_____(sail)acrosstheAtlantic.2.Iwouldappreciateyour_____(call)backthisafternoon.3.Thediscoveryofthenewevidenceledtothethief______(catch).4.Shedidn’tremember______(meet)himbefore.5.Wehavealwaysdeeplyregretted_____(sell)thehouse.6.Thedictionarycan’thelp______(learn)thelanguage.7.Whendoyouplantoleave?Imean______(leave)tomorrow.8.Hewouldlike_____(sing)thissongnow.9.Doyoufeellike______(have)acupoftea?10.Theextramoneyallowus_______(buy)acar.11.Thisbookisworth_______(read).12.Thisbookisworthyof_______(read).13.Allcarsrequire_______(service)regularly.14.Iwonderhow_____(solve)thisproblem.15.Whatwecandobut_____(sit)and______(wait).16.Ifyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,better______(forget)it----youhavegotsomebigbillscoming.四：做宾补1..感官动词see,watch,observe,lookat,hear,listento,notice等和使役动词have后情况：1).主动时，do原型表完成；现在分词doing表正在进行。例句：IheardhersinganEnglishsongjustnow.IheardhersinginganEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroom.2)被动时,ved过去分词表完成或没有一定的时间性；beingdone表正在进行。例句：IheardanEnglishsongbeingsungbyalittlegirlwhenIpassedbyherroom.Iwanttohavemyhaircut.2:使役动词let后，主动时，用动原do；被动时用be+过去分词。例句：Don’tletyourchildplaywithmatches.Lettherebenomistakeaboutit.Lettheworkbedoneimmediately.3.leave后接非谓语动词做宾补时，意为“使......处于某种状态”。Leavesb.doingsth.(主动，正在进行)Sth.Undone（被动或完成）sb.todosth./sth.tobedone（不定式表示将来的动作）Itiswrongofyoutoleavethemachinerunning.Theguestsleftmostofthedishesuntouched.Heleft,leavingmetodoalltherestwork.Wehurriedendourmeeting,leavingmanyproblemstobesettled.4.have,get后接宾补的三种形式：1).Havesb.dosth.=getsbtodosth.使/让/叫某人做某事例句：Motherhadmegototheshopandbuysomesalt.2),havesth.done=getsth.done让某事由别人去做（叫/让某人做某事）例句