自我设限的原因与效用

：，，，。Email:[e-mail]1，，，。，，。（Self－Handicapping），。2080，，，，，、［1，2］。Rhodewalt，：［3］。，。。，。，，。，。22．11978，BerglasJones“”［4］。Leary，，，［5］。，，，，，［6］。，，。，，，、、，。，。，，。2．2，：（behavioraloracquired）、（claimedorself－reported）、（other－en-hancement）。，。；，，，（，475004）：，，。、。，，；，；。，。：；；；PsychologicalResearch2010，3（2）：47-5247［7］；，，。，。，。，，［8］。3，，，？，？，？。3．1，。Covington。，、。，，，。，。，。［9］。，，，，？，。3．2，。，，。？，。，，，；，，。Jones，，［4］。，？，。。，［10］。，［11］。。，，。［10］。，，。Feick［12］。，，；，，。，［10］，，。，，？Feick［11］。，McCrea，［10］。Fred，，，［13］。，，：，，。3．3，？，48？，。，Midgley，［14］。，。Ommundsen。，，［15］。，，，，，？，？，。，，，［11］。44．1，，。，，，，［16］。。，，。，，。，，，［17］。，。Murray，［18］。，，，、。Murry，，。Rhodewalt，。，［19］。，。，，，，？，，，［20］。［21］。，。。［22］，［23，24］。，，、，，［7］。，，，，。，［25］。。，，［26］。McCrea［27］。Hirt，，［23］。，，［28］。。，；［7］。。4．2。Rhodewalt，，［29］。［30］。，、、：49、［21］。，，，［31］。。，［32］。，，，。，，。，，，，。［33］。，［34］。Rhodewalt，［35］。Deppe，，；，［33］。，。，，。，［33］。，，［36］。，，。，Smith，，，，。，，［37］。1PetruM，SpinkaM，CharvatovaV，LhotaS．Revisit-ingplayelementsandself－handicappinginplay：Acomparativeethogramoffiveoldworldmonkeyspecies．JournalofComparativePsychology，2009，123：250－2632WardC，Bauer，EB，SmutsBB．Partnerprefer-encesandasymmetriesinsocialplayamongdomesticdog，canislupusfamiliaris，littermates．AnimalBe-haviour，2008，76：1187－11993RhodewaltF，TragakisMW，FinnertyJ．Narcissismandself－handicapping：Linkingself－aggrandizementtobehavior．JournalofResearchinPersonality,2006，40：573-5974BerglasS，JonesEE．Drugchoiceasaself－handi-cappingstrategyinresponsetononcontingentsuccess．JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology，1978，36：405－4175LearyMR．Self－presentation：impressionmanagementandinterpersonalbehavior．Boulder，CO：WestviewPress，19956．．（），2007，3：84－877，．．，2004，12：72－788CoudevylleGR，MartinGK，FamoseJP，GerniqonC．Anexperimentalinvestigationofthedeterminantsandconsequencesofself－handicappingstrategiesacrossmotivationalclimates．EuropeanJournalofSportSci-ence，2009，9：219－2279，，．．（），2004，4：131－13610McCreaSM，HirtER．Theroleofabilityjudgmentsinself－handicapping．PersonalityandSocialPsychologyBulletin，2001，27：1378－138911HirtER，McCreaSM，KimbleCE．Publicself－fo-cusandsexdifferencesinbehavioralself－handicap-ping：Doesincreasingself－threatstillmakeit“justaman’sgame？”PersonalityandSocialPsychologyBulletin，2000，26：1131－114112FeickDL，Rhodewalt，F．Thedouble－edgedswordofself－handicapping：Discounting，augmentation，andtheprotectionandenhancementofself－esteem．MotivationandEmotion，1997，21：147－16313RothbaumF，MorlingB，RushN．Howgoalsandbe-liefsleadpeopleintoandoutofdepression．ReviewofGeneralPsychology，2009，13：302－31414MidgleyC，UrdanT．AcademicSelf－Handicappingandachievementgoals：Afurtherexamination．Contempo-raryEducationalPsychology，2001，26：61-7515OmmundsenY．Self－handicappingstrategiesinphysicaleducationclasses：Theinfluenceofimplicittheoriesof50thenatureofabilityandachievementgoalorientations．PsychologyofSportandExercise，2001，2：13915616HendrixK，HirtER．Stressedoutoverpossiblefail-ure：Theroleofregulatoryfitonclaimedself－handi-capping．JournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology，2009，45：51－5917IsleibRA，VuchinichRE，TuckerJA．Performanceattributionsandchangesinself－esteemfollowingself－handicappingwithalcoholconsumption．JournalofSo-cialandClinicalPsychology，1988，6：88－10318MurrayCB，WardenMR．Implicationsofself－handi-cappingstrategiesforacademicachievement：Arecon-ceptualization．JournalofSocialPsychology，1991，132：23－3719RhodewaltE，MorfG，HaziettS，FairfieldM．Self－handicapping：Theroleofdiscountingandaugmenta-tioninthepreservationofself－esteem．JournalofPer-sonalityandSocialPsychology，1991，61：122－13120McCreaSM．Self－handicapping，excusemaking，andcounterfactualthinking：Consequencesforself－esteemandfuturemotivation．JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology,2008,95：274－29221CoudevylleGR，GinisKAM，FamoseJP．Deter-minantsofself－handicappingstrategiesinsportandtheireffectsonathleticperformance．SocialBehaviorandPersonality,2008，36：391－39822BackMD，KrauseS，HirschmüllerS．Unravelingthethreefacesofself－esteem：Anewinformation－process-ingsociometerperspective．JournalofResearchinPer-sonality，2009，43：933-93723HirtER，DeppeRK，GordonLJ．Self－reportedversusbehavioralself－handicapping：Empiricalevi-denceforatheoreticaldistinction．JournalofPersonal-ityandSocialPsychology，1991，60：981－99124HarrisRN，SnyderCR．Theroleofuncertainself－esteeminself－handicapping．JournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology，1986，57：451－45825RyckmanRM，ThorntonB，GoldJ．Assessingcom-petitionavoidanceasabasicpersonalitydimension．JournalofPsychology：InterdisciplinaryandApplied，2009，143：175－19226McCreaSM，HirtER，HendrixKL．Theworkerscale：Developingameasuretoexplaingenderdiffer-encesinbehavioralself－handicapping．JournalofRe-searchinPersonality，2008，4：949-97027McCreaSeanM．HirtER，MilnerBJ．Sheworkshardforthemoney：Valuingeffortunderliesgenderdifferencesinbehavioralself－handicapping．JournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology,2008，44：292－31128，．．，2004，27：1337－133929RhodewaltF，FairfieldM．Claimedself－handicapsandtheself－handicapper：Therelationofreductioninin-tendedefforttoperformance．JournalofResearchinPersonality，1991，25，402－41730ChenL，ChenM，LinM，KeeY，KuoC，ShuiS．Implicittheoryofathleticabilityandself