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RomanticisminEnglandI.HistoricalBackgroundII.RomanticismIII.A.poets1.Escapistromanticists/LakePoets(湖畔派诗人)(WilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge,RobertSouthey)2.activeromanticists/demonicgroup/Satanicschool(撒旦派)(GeorgeGordonByron,PercyByssheShelley,JohnKeats)B.essayists(CharlesLamb,WilliamHazlitt,ThomasDeQuincey)C.novelist(WalterScott)I.HistoricalBackground(1)IndustrialRevolution—transformedBritainfromagriculturaltoindustrialcountry,responsibleforthechangeinthepatternofsociallifeandtheworseningofsocialcontradictions;(2)Americanrevolutionin1775—theDeclarationofIndependence,writtenbyThomasJeffersonin1776,withitsemphasisonindividualrights;(3)TheFrenchrevolutionin1789—introducedthedemocraticideals:liberty,equalityandfraternityforeverybody;(4)theabolitionofslaveryintheBritishcolonies;(5)theintroductionofsystemofnationaleducation;(6)theFactoryActs《工厂法案》bywhichtheemploymentofchildrenunderninewasforbiddenbythelaw.(7)LyricalBallads,《抒情歌谣集》acollectionofpoembyWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridge,publishedin1798,whichmarkedthestartofRomanticismasaliterarytrend.II.EnglishRomanticism1.definition—EnglishRomanticismisgenerallysaidtohavebeganin1798withthepublicationofWordsworth&Coleridge‘sLyricalBalladsandtohaveendedin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBill《改革法案》intheParliament.EnglishRomanticismisarevoltoftheEnglishimaginationagainsttheneoclassicalreason.TheFrenchRevolutionof1789-1794andtheEnglishIndustrialRevolutionexertgreatinfluenceonEnglishRomanticism.Romanticistsshowintheirworkstheirprofounddissatisfactionwiththesocialrealityandtheirdeephatredforanypoliticaltyranny,economicexploitationandanyformofoppression,feudalorbourgeois.Intherealmofliterature,theyrevoltagainstreason,rules,regulation,objectivity,commonsenses,etc.andemphasizethevalueoffeelings,intuition,freedom,nature,subjectivism,individuality,originality,imagination,etc.2.ThefeaturesoftheRomanticwritings:1)Dissatisfactionwiththebourgeoissociety.2)Theirwritingsfilledwithstrong-willedheroesoreventitanicimages,formidableeventsandtragicsituations,powerfulconflictingpassionsandexoticpictures.3)payattentiontospiritualandemotionallifeofman.Mostworksaresupernaturalandfullofimagination.4)interestinthepast,theunusual,theunfamiliar,thebizarre5)strongdesiretoescapefromthereality.6)concernedmuchabouttheinfluenceofnature.7)Theirwritingsfreefromanyrules,theyfightagainstthetenureofnewclassicism:order,harmony,balance,reason.Theyaskforthefreedomofexpression.8)Afeelingofloneliness&anoteofmelancholy8)Theglorificationofthecommonplace---theaimofgoodpoetryis“tochooseincidentsandsituationsfromcommonlife”andtousea“selectionoflanguagereallyspokenbymen”,andtoawakeninthereader“freshnessofsensation”inthepresentationof“familiarobjects”.9)characterizedby5“I”s:Imagination,Intuition,Idealism,Inspiration,Individuality.3.TwoschoolsofRomanticismA.escapistromanticists,“theLakePoets”湖畔派,representedbyWilliamWordsworth华兹华斯,SamuelTaylorColeridge柯勒律治andRobertSouthey骚塞.B.activeromanticists,“theSatanicschool”撒旦派,withByron拜伦,Shelly雪莱andKeats济慈asrepresentatives湖畔派LakePoets18～19世纪的英国浪漫主义诗歌流派。主要成员有华兹华斯、柯尔律治和骚塞。由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北部的昆布兰湖区，先后在格拉斯米尔和文德美尔两个湖畔居住，以诗赞美湖光山色，所以有“湖畔派诗人”之称。在诗歌题材上，他们主张写下层人民的日常生活，强调诗人的内心探索和感情的自然流露；在诗体方面，主张发展民间诗歌的艺术传统，采用民间口语，发挥诗人的想象力。他们的理论和实践结束了英国古典主义诗学的统治，对英国诗歌的改革和发展起了很大作用。但是他们否定诗歌的社会作用，美化中世纪的田园生活，提倡唯心主义、唯灵主义、神秘主义；把“听天由命”看成是人的“天性的永恒部分”；拜伦和雪莱对此进行过激烈的批评。湖畔派诗人起初都同情法国革命，随着革命的深入，由害怕革命而退却，进而逃避现实，迷恋过去，美化中世纪的宗法制，幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻找精神的安慰与寄托。当湖畔派诗人的消极倾向日益明显的时候，青年诗人拜伦、雪莱开始登上文坛，向湖畔派诗人展开论争。拜伦在一八O九年完成的讽刺长诗《英格兰诗人和苏格兰评论家》中，不仅回答了消极浪漫主义者操纵的刊物《爱丁堡评论》对拜伦诗作的攻击，而且还严厉地谴责了湖畔派诗人的消极倾向。由于他们敢于向湖畔派诗人作斗争，因而被英国绅土们斥之为撒旦(恶魔)，所以文学史上称拜伦、雪莱和济慈为“撒旦派”。一般说，湖畔派诗人代表消极浪漫主义倾向，撒旦派代表积极浪漫主义精神。虽然湖畔派诗人在与古典主义的斗争中有过贡献，在诗歌的艺术上有较深的造诣，但其历史地位远不及撒旦派重要。III.poets—LakePoets1.WilliamWordsworth威廉·华兹华斯(重点)TwoperiodsofhisliterarycareerArevolutionistwithliberalpoliticsideaandambiguousreligionAconservative,comingtobelievethatman’swildspiritisneededtamingbythechurch1.2majorworks:1)LyricalBallads《抒情歌谣集》followedby“ThePrefacetotheLyricalBallads”—servedasthemanifestooftheEnglishRomanticMovementinpoetry.2)famousshortpoems：Aboutnature:“IwonderedLonelyasaCloud”“独自漫游似浮云”，or“TheDaffodils”“咏水仙”“IntimationofImmortality”“不朽颂”“LinesComposedaFewMilesAboveTinternAbbey”“丁登寺”;“TotheCuckoo”“致布谷鸟”;“MyHeartLeapsupWhenIBehold”“我心雀跃”;“ToaButterfly”“致蝴蝶”“AnEveningWalk”“黄昏漫步”Abouthumanlife:--sympathyforthepoorLucyPoems《露西组诗》“TheSolitaryReaper”“孤独的收割者”“TheOldCumberlandBeggar”“康伯兰的老乞丐”“Michael”“迈克尔”“WeareSeven”“我们七个”3)“ThePrelude”“序曲”--Wordsworth’sautobiographicalpoemin14bookspublishedafterhisdeath,aspiritualrecordofhismind,showinghisownthoughtandsentiment.1.3CommentonWordsworthA.ThepoetofnatureNature---medium---revelation(启示)Nature---entity---communicatingwithGod,learningmoreaboutGod,andenjoyingtheholyandawesomefeelingsNature---purest,mostuncorruptedform,amanifestationofGod’screationpowerB.Wordsworth’sdefinitiontopoetryGoodpoetrymustspeak“thereallanguageofman”andwriteaboutthelifeofcommonpeopleinanimaginativeway.Goodpoetryis“thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulf