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语用学导论Pragmatics:AnIntroductionOfficeHours:14:30-15:40p.m.Monday逸夫馆II-7119:00-10:00a.m.TuesdayTel:18061681766Email:cxr3354182@163.com语言学之家：•Whatdoyouknowaboutpragmatics(“pragma-”,aLatinroot,means“act”or“action”)asabranchoflinguisticstudy?Originof“pragmatics”Morris/Davis:thestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticformsandtheusersofthoseforms[C.Morris,1938,FoundationsoftheTheoryofSigns,Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress.]Compare:syntax:thestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticforms,howtheyarearrangedinsequenceandwhichsequencesarewell-formed;semantics:thestudyoftherelationshipsbetweenlinguisticformsandentitiesintheworld,howwordsliterallyconnecttothings.Whatispragmatics?G.Yule(pp.3-4):--thestudyofspeakermeaning[whatpeoplemeanbywhattheysay,thestudyofmeaningascommunicatedbyaspeaker(orwriter)andinterpretedbyalistener(orreader)]--thestudyofcontextualmeaning[howcontextdeterminesmeaningandshapesthewaymeaningisconveyed]•2010年10月16日晚，一辆黑色轿车在河北大学校区内撞倒两名女生一死一伤，司机不但没有停车，反而继续去校内宿舍楼接女友。返回途中被学生和保安拦下，该肇事者不但没有关心伤者，甚至态度冷漠嚣张，高喊“有本事你们告去，我爸是李刚!”•后经证实了解，该男子名为李启铭父亲李刚是保定市某公安分局副局长。此事一出迅速成为网友和媒体热议的焦点，“我爸是李刚”语句也迅速成为网络最火的流行语。ASK:•Howissemanticists’studyofmeaningdifferentfrompragmaticians’studyofmeaning?Syntax,semanticsandpragmatics(1)i’mlovin’it.(2)Knowyourself.(3)Johnisamachine.(4)Colorlessgreenideassleepfuriously.(5)GolfplaysJohn.(6)Boysareboys.(7)Thechildlookslikehisfather./Thefatherlookslikehisson.‘pragmatics’asawastebasket/rag-bag?Statusofpragmatics:•Pragmatics/semantics/sociolinguistics?•branchorperspective?•ContinentalSchoolvs.Anglo-AmericanSchoolJacobMey,JefVerschueren,etc.G.Leech,StephenLevinson,JennyThomas,GeorgiaGreen,PeterGrundy,etc.Verschueren:afunctional(i.e.social,cultural,cognitive)perspectiveonlanguageandcommunication(seePragmatics)Levinson(1983)used30pagesinPragmatics(1983:5-35)todefinepragmatics.Manydefinitionsareintroducedanddiscussed.MydefinitionPragmaticsstudieswhatbasicfactors(language;languageuser;communicativeneeds,context,etc.)andgeneralrulesorprinciplesareinvolvedinlanguageuse(productionandcomprehensionalike)andhowtheycontributetothecommunicationofmeaninginsociety.•languevs.parole---languewecannotreallyunderstandthenatureoflanguageitselfunlessweunderstandpragmatics:howlanguageisusedincommunication.(Leech(1983:1)•languageuser(speaker/writer;hearer/reader):age,sex,status,role,ideology,etc.).•context(situational,social-cultural,mental,cognitive,linguistic)ExampleA:Areyoucomingtothelecturethisafternoon?B:It'sonpragmatics.Qs:1.WhatdoesBwanttocommunicate?2.HowcanAgettoknowwhatBmeans?3.Whatfactorsareinvolvedinmakingtheinference?etc.Whatquestionspragmaticistsmayask?APrivateConversationLastweekIwenttothetheatre.Ihadaverygoodseat.Theplaywasveryinteresting.Ididnotenjoyit.Ayoungmanandayoungwomanweresittingbehindme.Theyweretalkingloudly.Igotveryangry.Icouldnotheartheactors.Iturnedround.Ilookedatthemanandthewomanangrily.Theydidnotpayanyattention.Intheend,Icouldnotbearit.Iturnedroundagain.'Ican'thearaword!'Isaidangrily.'It'snoneofyourbusiness,'theyoungmansaidrudely.'Thisisaprivateconversation!'.[NewConceptEnglish(BookIILesson1)]Objectivesofpragmatics:•investigateanddescribethepatterns,regularities,principlesandrulesoflanguageuse/usage;•makesenseoflanguageuseindifferenttypesofcontext;explainlanguageusefromadynamicperspective;•explorethesocial,psychologicalandcognitiveconstraintsandmechanismsunderlyinglanguageuse(productionandcomprehension);•analyzeandexplaintheeffectoftheinteractionbetweenlanguageuseandlanguagesystem,betweenlanguageuseanddiscoursestructure,languageuseandsocialstructure,etc.Purposesofacourseinpragmatics:•Justaswedon'tlearnhowtotranslateinordertodotranslation,sowedon'thavetolearnpragmaticsinordertouselanguage.Yet,pragmaticknowledgedoesserveto•--enhancepragmaticawareness;•--promotepragmaticcompetence;•--enablepragmaticanalysis.Pragmaticsisarapidlygrowingfieldincontemporarylinguistics.Inrecentyears,ithasnotonlybecomeacenterofintenseinterestinlinguisticsandthephilosophyoflanguage,ithasalsoattractedaconsiderableamountofattentionfromanthropologists,artificialintelligenceworkers,cognitivescientists,psychologists,andsemioticians.---YanHuang,Pragmatics,2007.p.1Aspectsofpragmaticsstudies•pragma-linguisticvs.social/societal•(socialvs.)cognitive•interfaces(lexical/semantic/syntactic,etc.)etc.Pragma-linguisticaspectoflanguageuse•Linguisticpragmatics:pragmaticaspectoflinguisticcategories,structures,etc.•Howanactcanbeperformedlinguistically(indifferentlinguisticforms)?e.g.advisingSocial/Interpersonalaspectoflanguageuse•Sociopragmatics:howsocialconditions(e.g.socialhierarchy,socialstatus,socialsettings,occupation,etc)affectlanguageuse•Thedistinctionbetweensociolinguistics(A)andsociopragmatics(B):•a.A:howsocialfactorsareencodedinlanguage(static)•B:howsocialfactorsaffectlanguageuse(dynamic)•b.A:howsocialmanisconstrainedbysocialfactorsinlanguageuse(passive)B:howsocialmanmanipulatessocialfactorsinlanguageuse(active)•c.A:context-independent•B:activity-related,goal-oriented,context-dependente.g.Changeofad