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2016WaltWhitman(1819-1892)LeavesofGrass•WhitmanwasoneofthemostoriginalandinspiringAmericanpoets,truetohisheartandtohisroleasapoet.•《草叶集》得名于集中的一句诗:“哪里有土,哪里有水,哪里就长着草。”LeavesofGrass•LeavesofGrasswascreatedbyWaltWhitmanintheformoffreeverse.•LeavesofGrassran9editionswithmorethan400poemsallwritteninfreeverseform.•草叶集在诗歌形式上有大胆的创新,创造了“自由体”的诗歌形式,打破了传统的诗歌格律.FreeVerse•Freeverse(自由体)---poetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.••Thelinesdonotfollowanysetform.•Somelinesareshort.Somearelong.•Thewordsattheendofeachlinedonothaveasimilarsound.•Theydonotrhyme.LeavesofGrass•Whitmanwritesaboutgrassasasignofeverlastinglife.•Thetitleimpliesrebirth,renewal,orgreenlife.•AsWhitmanoncesaid,LeavesofGrassis“theoutcroppingofmyownemotionalandotherpersonalnature---anattempt,fromfirsttolast,toputaPerson,ahumanbeingfreely,fullyandtruelyonrecord.”---WaltWhitman•Therefore,hethrewasidethetraditionalornamentsandprettinessofverseandcreatedhisownform.2016AppreciationOne’sSelfIsing歌唱自己2016One’sSelfISingThissmall(nine-line)poemisreallyaprefacetoalltheothersinLeavesofGrass.One’sSelfISing”ONE’S-SELFIsing—asimple,separatePerson;YetutterthewordDemocratic,thewordEn-masse.OfPhysiologyfromtoptotoeIsing;Notphysiognomyalone,norbrainalone,isworthyforthemuse—IsaytheFormcompleteisworthierfar;TheFemaleequallywiththemaleIsing.OfLifeimmenseinpassion,pulse,andpower,Cheerful—forfreestactionform’d,underthelawsdivine,TheModernManIsing.Thetechniqueinthispoem:Alliterationandparallelism.•One's-selfIsing,asimpleseparateperson,•(我歌唱我自己，一个个善良的人类个体，)•YetutterthewordDemocratic,thewordEn-Masse.•(但说着平等、全体的话语。)•OfphysiologyfromtoptotoeIsing,•(我歌唱从头到脚的生理学科，)•NotphysiognomyalonenorbrainaloneisworthyfortheMuse,(不仅仅外貌、头脑、灵感值得我歌唱，)•IsaytheFormcompleteisworthierfar,•（我说整个形体都非常值得我歌咏，）•TheFemaleequallywiththeMaleIsing.•(我歌唱女人以及男人。)•OfLifeimmenseinpassion,pulse,andpower,•(我歌唱生命中那无限的激情，意向，力量，)•Cheerful,forfreestactionform'dunderthelawsdivine,（歌唱那愉悦地，极度符合神意法则的行为，）•TheModernManIsing.(我歌唱现代的人类。)Freeverse•“自我”&“个性”---Thedistinctionsinthisbriefpoemare:•One's-Self/En-Masse,•separateperson/Democratic•physiognomy/brain•Female/Male•lawsdivine/ModernTheme•Themainthemeofthispoem:•DemocraticandEgalitarian•Egalitarian:[iˌgælɪˈteəriən]主张平等的;平等主义的•1.Whatisthesignificanceofsingingaboutone'sself?•Itisanexaltationoftheindividualspirit,whichistypicalofAmericanpeople.•2.Whatisthedifferencebetweenphysiologyandphysiognomy?•Physiologyisasciencethatdealswiththefunctionsandlifeprocessofhumanbeings,whereasphysiognomyreferstoanartofjudgingcharacterfromcontoursoffaceitselfortheappearanceofaperson.([‘kɒntʊər]外形，轮廓)•3.WhatdoesWhitmanmeanbythetermoftheModernMan?•Hemeansthatamanshouldbefreefromanyprejudiceandpride,totallydifferentfromthetraditionalone,thatisfullofbias.2016WhitmanWhitman&PresidentAbrahamLincolnOCaptain!MyCaptain!OCaptain!MyCaptain!•OCaptain!myCaptain!ourfearfultripisdone,•Theshiphasweatheredeveryrack,theprizewesoughtiswon,•Theportisnear,thebellsIhear,thepeopleallexulting,•Whilefolloweyesthesteadykeel,thevesselgrimanddaring:•ButOheart!heart!heart!•Othebleedingdropsofred,•WhereonthedeckmyCaptainlies,•Fallencoldanddead.啊，船长！我的船长！•啊，船长！我的船长！•我们完成了可怕的远航,•巨轮历尽风雨，我们赢得追寻的奖赏；•港口已近，钟声传来，一片欢呼的声浪；•稳健的大船，追随的目光，多么威武雄壮；•可是，心啊！心啊！心啊！•心中的鲜血在滴滴流淌，•甲板上躺着我们的船长，•他已辞世，全身冰凉。OCaptain!MyCaptain!•OCaptain!myCaptain!riseupandhearthebells;•Riseup--foryoutheflagisflung--foryouthebugletrills,•Foryoubouquetsandribbon’dwreaths--foryoutheshoresacrowding,•Foryoutheycall,theswayingmass,theireagerfacesturning;•HereCaptain!dearfather!•Thisarmbeneathyourhead!•Itissomedreamthatonthedeck•You'vefallencoldanddead.啊，船长！我的船长！•啊，船长！我的船长！起来听那钟声荡漾；•起来，旌旗为你招展，号角为你激昂，•花团锦簇，彩带飘飞，为你，岸边人群熙熙嚷攘；•人们把你呼唤，万头攒动，他们晃动急切的面庞；•在这里，船长，慈爱的父亲！•你的头下枕着我的臂膀！•那是甲板上的梦境，•你已辞世，全身冰凉。OCaptain!MyCaptain!•MyCaptaindoesnotanswer,hislipsarepaleandstill;•Myfatherdoesnotfeelmyarm,hehasnopulsenorwill;•Theshipisanchoredsafeandsound,itsvoyageclosedanddone;•Fromfearfultripthevictorshipcomesinwithobjectwon;•Exult,Oshores,andringObells!•ButI,withmournfultread,•WalkthedeckmyCaptainlies,•Fallencoldanddead.啊，船长！我的船长•我的船长没有回答，双唇苍白，沉默、安详，•我的父亲无法觉察我的手臂，他的脉搏停止了跳荡；•可怕的征途已过，胜利归来，•大船安全停靠，就此结束远航；•啊，海岸欢呼，啊，钟声敲响！•然而，我的步履沉重悲伤，•在甲板上踱步，那里躺着我的船长，•他已辞世，全身冰凉。Appreciation•“OCaptain!MyCaptain!”iswrittenin1865byWaltWhitman,concerningthedeathofAmericanpresidentAbrahamLincoln.•Theshortandbriefapostropheisusedastitlehere,endowedwithardorandmightiness.(呼语,饱含激情,劲见有力.)Appreciation•ItisunusualforWhitmantowritewithaconventionalmeterandrhymescheme.•Thepoemwaswritteninthreestanzas,8lineseach,theformerarelongwhilethelatterareshort,rhymingaabbcded.•(全诗共三节，每节八行，前长后短,每节均为aabbcded.)Analysis•Repeatedmetaphoricalreferenceismadetothisissuethroughouttheverse.•“Captain”referstoPresidentLincoln,and“ship”referstoAmerica,•whileits“fearfultrip”recallsthetroublesoftheAmericanCivilWar.Rhetoricorfiguresofspeech•Repetition•Parallelism•Metaphor•Synecdoche•Alliteration•ApostropheTherepetitions•1.WhereonthedeckmyCaptainlies,•Fallencoldanddead.•2.Theshipisanchor'dsafeandsound,itsvoyageclosedanddone,•Fromfearfultripthevictorshipcomesinwi