简单句-并列句和复合句

1/14简单句、并列句和复合句句子种类:按句子的用途可分四种：1)陈述句(肯定句、否定句)：Heisalovelyboy.Shedidn’tworkhardbefore.2)疑问句(一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句)：Doyoulikeskating?Howmuchisit?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Lucycanplaythepiano,can’tshe?3)祈使句：Beontime,please!Don’tarrivelateforschool!4)感叹句：Howhard-workingtheyare!Whatanicegirlsheis!Howtimeflies!按句子的结构可分三种：1)简单句：只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.一主语，一谓语TomandMikeareAmericanboys.并列主语，一谓语Shelikeswritingandoftenwritesarticlesfornewspapers.一主语，并列谓语简单句的五种基本句型(其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。)①主谓:Heleft.②主谓宾:Henryboughtadictionary.③主谓双宾:Myfatherboughtmeacar.④主谓宾补:Tommadethebabylaugh.⑤主系表:Heisastudent.主语:句子说明的人或事物。谓语:说明主语的动作、状态和特征。表语:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。宾语：1.动作的承受者——动宾。2.介词后的名词、代词和动名词——介宾。补语：宾补，对宾语的补充。主补，对主语的补充。定语：修饰或限制名词或代词。状语：表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。2)并列句：由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.并列句的分类①表并列。常用连词有and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等。Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.Hecouldneitherreadnorwrite.Henotonlystudieshard,butalsolikessports.②表选择。常用连词有or,either…or…,otherwise等。2/14Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.Eitheryoudidn’tunderstandthis,oryouwerenotcareful③表转折。常用连词有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.Tomwasnottherebuthisbrotherwas(there).Therewasnonews,nevertheless,shewentonhoping.④表因果，常用连词有so,for,therefore等。Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Hehurried,foritwasgettingdark.Helikedthebookverymuch,soIgaveittohim3)复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。包含：名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。从句就是一个从句在主句中充当一个成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。从句在句子中作什么成分就叫什么从句。1.主语从句用作主语的从句叫作主语从句。(1)由what,whatever,whoever等代词引导主语从句。如:WhatshelikesiswatchingthechildrenplayWhateveryouhaveheardmustbekeptsecretWhoeverfailstopasstheexamwillbedismissed(2)that引导Itistightthatyoutoldhimthetruth(3)由连接副词whether,when,how,where,why引导主语从句。如：WhythefirebrokeoutatnightremainsamysteryWhetherwecanhelpyouisadifficultquestionWhenthemeetingwillbeheldhasnotbeendecided(4)主语从句后移主语从句虽然可以放在谓语的前面，但是当主语从句较长而谓语较短时，常用代词作形式主语，而把主语从句放到句子后边。如：ItisuncertainwhetherhewantstogoornotItturnedouttruethathehaddonenothingwrong2.表语从句用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，通常由that,what,where,why,ho等连接词引导。(1)if,whether,that引导表语从句，有时也用as,because,asif,asthough,lest引导表语从句。3/14如：Thequestionisthatwemustbegoodatlearningfromothers.Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain(2)what,which,who等连接代词。如:ThatiswhatIwanttotellyouThequestioniswhichoftheclasseswechoosetobetheexcellentone(3)how,when,where,why等连接副词。如：ThequestionishowwecanhelphimThatiswhyhehasbeenlate3.宾语从句在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。及物动词的宾语Everybodyknowsthatmoneydoesn'tgrowontrees.短语动词的宾语Pleasegoandfindoutwhenthetrainwillarrive.介词的宾语Iaminterestedinwhatsheisdoing.否定的转移Idon'tsupposeyou'reusedtothisdiet.我想你不习惯这种饮食。Idon'tbelieveshe'llarrivebefore8.我相信她8点之前不会到。4.同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案)，hope(希望)，fact(事实)，belief(信仰)，news(消息)，idea(主意；观念)，promise(承诺)，information(信息)，conclusion(结论)，order(命令)，suggestion(建议)，problem(问题)，thought(想法)等后面。Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.Shetoldusherhopethatshewouldbecomeapianist.Hemadeapromisethathewouldnevercomelate.Hehasn’tmadethedecisionwhetherhewillgothere.Ihavesmalldoubtwhetherheissuitableforthejob.Ihavenoideawhatheisdoingnow.It’saquestionhowhedidit5.状语从句①地点状语从句。地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导。4/14WhereverIamIwillbethinkingofyou.②方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as,(just)as…so…,asif,asthough引导。1)as,(just)as…so…Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。Aswateristofish,soairistoman.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Justaswesweepourrooms,soweshouldsweepbackwardideasfromourminds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2)asif,asthough两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛……似的，好像……似的，Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif(asthough)theyneverexisted.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)Helooksasif(asthough)hehadbeenhitbylighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。)Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon.看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。)③原因状语从句Becauseheisveryhard-working,hepassedtheexam.④目的状语从句表示目的状语的从句可以由that,sothat,inorderthat,incase等词引导：Youmustspeakloudersothat/inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall.Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold.⑤结果状语从句结果状语从句常由so…that或such…that引导:Theboyissoyoungthathecan'tgotoschool.Heissuchayoungboythathecan'tgotoschool⑥条件状语从句连接词主要有if,unless,as/solongas,onconditionthat等。.if引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。Let'sgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired.5/14Ifyouarenottootired,let'sgooutforawalk.⑦让步状语从句Althoughit'sraining,theyarestillworkinginthefield.We'llmakeatripeventhoughtheweatherisbad.Whetheryoubelieveitornot,itistrue.Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.⑧时间状语从句由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句。1.由when,while,just,justas,as，after,before,since,until,assoonas引导的时间状语从句。Whenyouthinkyouknownothing,thenyoubegintoknowsomething.(当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。）Youcanfeeltheairmovingasyourhandpushesthroughit.(当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。)Ourheadmasterlaughedasshespoke.(我们的校长边谈边笑。)Whenshecamein,Istoppedeating.她进来时，我停止吃饭。(瞬时动词)Whilemywifewasreadingthenewspaper,Iwa