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肾脏科常用语慢性肾功能衰竭(Chronicrenalfailure,CRF)病因(Etiology)1.Chronicglomerulonephritis慢性肾炎[ɡlɔ,merjuləuni'fraitis]2.Diabetesmellitus,DM糖尿病[,daiə'bi:ti:z]['melitəs]3.Hypertension:Nephrosclerosis高血压肾硬化['nefrəu,skliə'rəusis]4.Chronictubulointerstitialdiseases慢性小管间质性疾病5.Polycystickidneydisease多囊肾[,pɔli'sistik]6.Others其他治疗(Treatment)1.ACEinhibitorsmayslowprogression血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂可能减慢疾病进展2.Treatreversiblecauses治疗可逆性病因3.Diet:Modestproteinrestrictionwithnearnormalcaloricintakedecreasesnitrogenintakeandavoidscatabolism[kə'lɔrik]['naitrədʒən][kə'tæbəlizəm]饮食：适度限制蛋白，热量摄入基本正常，减少氮摄入，防止分解代谢。4.Dialysis透析[dai'ælisis]Chronichemodialysis(HD)isthemainstayoftherapyforchronicrenalfailure,butchronicambulatoryperitonealdialysis(CAPD)isalsoanalternative.[,hi:mədai'ælisis;,hem-]['æmbjulətəri][,peritəu'ni:əl]慢性血液透析是慢性肾功能不全的主要治疗方法，同时慢性非卧床腹膜透析也是另一种选择。透析的绝对指征(Absoluteindicationsfordialysis)1.Uremicpericarditiswithorwithoutcardiactamponade尿毒症性心包炎伴或不伴心包压塞[,perikɑ:'daitis][,tæmpə'neid]2.Progressivemotorneuropathy进展性运动神经病变[njuə'rɔpəθi]3.Intractablevolumeoverload难治性容量过负荷[in'træktəbl]4.Life-threateningandintractablehyperkalemiaoracidosis威胁生命的难治性高钾血症或酸中毒5.Toxins(e.g.,ethyleneglycol)中毒（如乙二醇等）['eθili:n]['ɡlaikɔl]透析的相对指征(Relativeindicationsfordialysis)1.Fluidandelectrolyteimbalances体液和电解质紊乱2.Volume-dependenthypertension容量依赖的高血压3.CNSabnormalities中枢神经系统异常[,æbnɔ:'mælitiz]4.Anemiaandbleedingdiatheses贫血和出血体质[dai'æθisi:z]5.Anorexia,nausea,andvomiting厌食、恶心、呕吐[,ænə'reksiə]6.Weightloss消瘦7.Pruritusandecchymoses皮肤瘙痒和瘀斑[pru'raitəs,-'ri:-][,eki'məusi:z]对话Urinarytractinfection尿路感染Dr.:wouldyoutellmehowyoufeel?医生：请问有何不舒服？Pt.:Ipissmanytimes,andmyurineisred.Ialsofeelpainwhileurination.[,juəri'neiʃən]病人：我小便次数多，尿液呈红色，排尿时疼痛。Dr.:doyoufeelanybackpain?Anyfever?医生：腰痛吗？发热吗？Pt.:Yeah.Thereisalsosomepaininthelowerbelly.What’smytrouble?病人：是的，小腹也痛。我是什么病呢？Dr.:probablyyouhaveUTI.It’scertainyouhaveyoururineexaminedmicrobiologicallyfortheaccuratediagnosis.['maikrəu,baiəu'lɔdʒikəli]['ækjurət]医生：你可能患尿路感染。当然，需要做尿培养以明确诊断。Pt.:Ifeeluncomfortable.MayIhavesomemedication?病人：我很不舒服，现在能用药吗？[,medi'keiʃən]Dr.:rightafterwehaveyoururinesample.Pleaseremembertohavelotsofwater.医生：送检尿培养后就可以用药。请一定多饮水。Pt.:that’sallright.Iwillcooperate.Thankyouverymuch,dr.病人：好的，我会配合的。谢谢你，医生。Dr.:youarewelcome.Callmyofficeanytimeyoufeelnecessary.医生：不用客气。有事可随时找我。Chronicglomerulonephritis慢性肾炎Dr.:hi.Iamthedr.responsibleforyourtreatment.Wouldyoutellmethedetailofyourdisease?医生：你好，我是你的管床医生。请讲讲你的发病过程。Pt.:Ifeelpaininthebackfor3months.病人：我腰痛三个月了。Dr.:howisit?Doyoufeelbackpainunilaterallyorbilaterally?[bai'lætərəli]医生：单侧还是双侧？Pt.:bilateral.病人：双侧。Dr.:doesyourpainrefertoanyregionselsewhere?医生：牵涉至其他部位疼痛吗？Pt.:no.病人：没有。Dr.:anypainduringurination?医生：排尿时疼痛吗？Pt.:no.病人：没有。Dr.:howyoururinelookslike?Foamy?['fəumi]医生：小便是什么颜色？带泡沫吗？Pt.:it’sclearyellow,withsomefoam.[fəum]病人：小便是黄色的，有泡沫。Dr.:isthereanyfever?Anddoyoufeelanypaininyourjoints?医生：平时有发热、关节痛吗？Pt.:no.病人：没有。Dr.:whatkindoftestsdidyouhave?医生：在院外做了哪些检查？Pt.:urineroutineandkidneyultrasound.['ʌltrəsaund]医生：尿常规、肾脏超生。Dr.:howthetestsshowed?医生：结果如何？Pt.:thereissomeproteinandincreasedredbloodcellsinmyurine.Buttheultrasoundsaidnothingabnormal.病人：尿常规有蛋白、红细胞增多，肾脏超生正常。Dr.:ok.MayIdosomephysicalexamination?医生：现在我要给你做体格检查，请配合。Pt.:allright.病人：好的。Dr.:thatisall.Takearestplease.Inawhilethenurseswilltellyouwhattodonext.医生：好了。请好好休息，一会护士会告诉你下一步的检查与治疗哦。Pt.:good.Thanks!病人：好的，谢谢。知道医师与实习同学间常见会话。Teacher.:boysandgirls,shallwegoandseeanewpt.?老师：同学，我们一起去看一位新病人。Students:great.同学们：好的。T.:takethesphygmomanometerandstethoscopewithyouplease.[,sfiɡməumə'nɔmitə]['steθəskəup]老师：带上血压计与听诊器。S:Ok.同学们：好。T.:afterourvisit,pleasefinishthecasefiletodayeachofyou.Iwanttoseethem.Allright?老师：看完病人，你们要完成一份病历的书写。词汇departmentofnephrology肾脏科[ni'frɔlədʒi]acuteglomerulonephritis(AGN)急性肾小球肾炎[ɡlɔ,merjuləuni'fraitis]chronicglomerulonephritis(CGN)慢性肾小球肾炎rapidlyprogressiveglomerulonephritis(RPGN)急进型肾小球肾炎nephroticsyndrome(NS)肾病综合征[ni'frɔtik]latentglomerulonephritis隐匿性肾炎['leitənt]urinarytractinfection(UTI)尿路感染acuterenalfailure(ARF)急性肾衰竭acutekidneyinjury(AKI)急性肾损伤chronicrenalfailure(CRF)慢性肾损伤diabeticnephropathy(DN)糖尿病肾病[,daiə'betik][ni'frɔpəθi]arterialvenousfistula(AVF)动静脉瘘['fistjulə]lupusnephritis(LN)狼疮性肾炎['lju:pəs][ni'fraitis]hematuria血尿[,hi:mə'tjuəriə]proteinuria蛋白尿[,prəuti:n'juəri:ə;-ti:i-]edema水肿[i'di:mə]hypertension高血压hemodialysis(HD)血液透析[,hi:mədai'ælisis,,hem-]peritonealdialysis(PD)腹膜透析[,peritəu'ni:əl]continuousambulatoryperitonealdialysis(CAPD)持续非卧床腹膜透析['æmbjulətəri]泌尿外科常用对话1.Howlonghasthisbeengoingon?2.Doesithurtwhenyoupasswater?小便时，你有痛感吗？3.Howoftendoyouusuallypasswater?你通常每日小便几次？4.Doyouoftenfeellikeyouwantto,butthenfindyoucan't?你是否常有尿感，但又排不出小便？5.YouhadbetterdoanIVPtoseeifyouhavekidneystones.还是做一次静脉尿路造影为好，看一下是否有肾结石。常用词汇•polycystickidney多囊肾[,pɔli'sistik]•phimosis(redundantprepuce)包茎（包皮过长）[fai'məusis;fi-]['pri:pju:s]•hypospadias(epispadias)尿道下（上）裂[,haipə'speidiəs][,epi'speidiəs]•cryptorchidism隐睾[krip'tɔ:kidizəm]•ectopia(torsion)oftestis睾丸异位（扭转）[ek'təupiə]['testis]•extrophyofbladder膀胱外翻['blædə]•hydrocalyx肾盏积水['keiliks,'kæliks](盏，[植]花萼；杯状结构)•hydronephrosis肾积水[,haidrəun