英美文化之英美介绍全英文

AGeneralIntroductionofUKandUSAmericaChapter1GeographyandPeopleChapter2ThestoryofAmericaChapter3Government,SocietyandCustoms雾霾smog/PM2.5Howtosurvivethesmoggydays?1.Wearmasksorrespirators;2.Stayindoors,nostrenuousexercise(tracheitis);3.Morefreshvegetablesandfruits;4.……BeforeStudyingWhileStudyingAfterStudying1.IsAmericanPresidentialElectionadirectoneoranindirectone?2.Howdoyouthinkoftheroleof2ndAmendmentofAmericanConstitution?3.WhyaretheAmericanssofascinatedwithguns?4.Whatisthecounter-culturemovementin1960s?BeforeStudyingWhileStudyingGovernmentArmsandtheUSCounter-cultureExtension:BowlingforColumbineAmericanConstitutionViolencewithgunsArmsandtheUSTheAmericanpresidentiselectedby___?A.TheCongressB.AllthevotersdirectlyC.ElectoralCollegeD.StateCourtandSupremeCourtE.TheChurchofUnitedStatesSeparationofpowers:checksandbalances制约和平衡theLegislativetheExecutivetheJudicialThegovernment“Withagoodconscienceouronlysurereward,withhistorythefinaljudgeofourdeeds,letusgoforthtoleadthelandwelove,askingHisblessingandHishelp,butknowingthathereonearthGod‘sworkmusttrulybeourown.”——JOHNKENNIDYTheExecutiveBranchTheExecutivePowershallbevestedinaPresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.——ActIIThePresidentoftheU.Sistheheadoftheexecutivebranchandtheheadofthestateelectedbythewholenation(anatural-bornAmericancitizenatleast35yearsofage)GovernmentDepartments&CivilServiceIsthecommander-in-chiefofthearmedforcesExecutestheinstructionsofCongress.MayvetobillspassedbyCongress(butthevetomaybeoverriddenbyatwo-thirdsmajorityofbothhouses)ExecutesthespendingauthorizedbyCongressPresidencyElectionElectionDayTheTuesdaybetweenNovember2and8TheelectorsareoftheUnitedStatesandbytheDistrictofColumbia.Thenumberofelectorsis538,basedonthetotalvotingmembershipoftheUnitedStatesCongress(435Representativesand100Senators)andthreeelectorsfromtheDistrictofColumbia.ItofficiallyelectsthePresidenteveryfouryears.U.S.ElectoralCollege选举人团VotersElectorsofeachstatePresident&VicePresidentElectoralCollege2008365:1732electorsforeachstate,3forD.C.,andtherest435areallocatedaccordingtopopulationBallot选票VoteforPresident&VicePresidentVoteforsenators,judgesandelectorsofthisstateWinner–take–all“赢家通吃”Moststate(exceptMaineandNebraska)lawsestablishawinner-take-allsystem,whereintheticketthatwinsapluralityofvoteswinsallofthatstate‘sallocatedelectoralvotes,andthushastheirslateofelectorschosentovoteintheElectoralCollege.(在选举日，把本州的选举人票全部给予在该州获得相对多数普选票的总统候选人)ElectorscasttheirelectoralvotesinDecember.Tobesuccessful,acandidateforthePresidencymustreceive270votes.PresidentialElectionCampaignFundTobeeligibletoreceivethepublicfunds,thecandidatemustlimitspendingtotheamountofthegrantandcannotacceptprivatecontributionsforthecampaign.MatchingfundsPersonalfundsexpenditurelimitInapresidentialelection,personaldonationshouldbelessthan$4600；inastateelection,lessthan$5000。InaugurationDayThepresidentialtermof4yearsbeginonJan20followingtheNovemberelection.Thepresidentpubliclytakesanoathofoffice,whichisadministeredbytheChiefJusticeoftheU.S.Apresidentcanbeelectedtoofficeonlytwice.就职演说OneNationUnderTheGunAreweanationofgunnutsorarewejustnuts?ConstitutionTheAmericanConstitutionistheoldestwrittenconstitutionintheworld.Itwasdrawnupin1787andwentintoeffectin1789.ItisthebasicinstrumentofAmericanGovernmentandtheSupremelawoftheland.TenAmendments(宪法十条修正案)Or:UnitedStatesBillofRights《美国权利法案》In200years,therehadbeenmorethan10,000proposalsofcorrectionofConstitution,only25hadbeenpassed.FirstAmendment–EstablishmentClause,FreeExerciseClause;freedomofspeech,ofthepress,freedomofReligion,andofassembly;righttopetitionCongressshallmakenolawrespectinganestablishmentofreligion,orprohibitingthefreeexercisethereof;orabridgingthefreedomofspeech,orofthepress;ortherightofthepeoplepeaceablytoassemble,andtopetitiontheGovernmentforaredressofgrievances.保护公民信仰、出版、集会、示威的自由SecondAmendment–AwellregulatedMilitia,beingnecessarytothesecurityofafreeState,therightofthepeopletokeepandbearArms,shallnotbeinfringed.ThirdAmendment–NoSoldiershall,intimeofpeacebequarteredinanyhouse,withouttheconsentoftheOwner,norintimeofwar,butinamannertobeprescribedbylaw.军队不得进入民房携带武器的自由宪法修正案管窥一斑“BowlingForColumbine”SecondAmendmentFrontierHeritageNGOsintheUSAColumbineHighSchoolMassacreTheOklahomaBombAttackTheColumbineHighSchoolShootingIthappenedonAdolphHitler'sbirthday(April20,1999),chosentoshowrespect.Twoteenagersshotaroundtheirschoolwithgunspurchasedinasupermarket,causing13death,including12classmatesand1teacher.Thentheykilledthemselves.TheirnamesareEricHarrisandDylanClebold.TheOklahomaBombAttackApril19,1995,tworadicalveteransattackedthegovernmentbuildingofOklahomawithbombs,causing168death,includingmanychildren(aged1-6)initsday-carecenter.Meckvilleusedtobeagoodsoldier,anAmericanheroinGulfWar.Itcanbeprovedbyhiscalmcommitmentinthisbombattack.2ndAmendmentofConstitutionAwellregulatedMilitia,beingnecessarytothesecurityofafreeState,therightofthepeopletokeepandbearArms,shallnotbeinfringed.“TheSecondAmendmentprotectsanindividualrighttopossessafirearmunconnectedwithserviceinamilitia,andtouse