《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比-英文ppt-Ch3

Chapter3TheEthicsandPoliticsofSocialResearchChapterOutlineIntroductionEthicalIssuesinSocialResearchTwoEthicalControversiesThePoliticsofSocialResearchEthicalIssuesinSocialResearch1.Voluntaryparticipation2.Noharmtoparticipants3.AnonymityandconfidentialityEthicalIssuesinSocialResearch4.Deceptionmustbejustifiedbycompellingscientificconcerns.5.Researchersmustbehonestabouttheirfindingsandresearch.QuestionWhichconstraintsmustbeplacedonsocialresearchforittobeconsideredrealistic?A.scientificconstraintsB.administrativeconstraintsC.ethicalconstraintsD.allofthesechoicesAnswer:DScientific,administrativeandethicalconstraintsmustbeplacedonsocialresearchforittobeconsideredrealistic.InformedConsentSubjectsinastudymustbasetheirvoluntaryparticipationonafullunderstandingofthepossiblerisksinvolved.AnonymityTheresearchercannotidentifyagivenresponsewithagivenrespondent.ConfidentialityResearchercanidentifyagivenperson'sresponsesbutpromisesnottodosopublicly.Question______________isanorminwhichsubjectsbasetheirvoluntaryparticipationinresearchprojectsonafullunderstandingofthepossiblerisksinvolved.A.researchparticipationB.theHawthorneeffectC.informedconsentD.thecodeofethicsE.noneofthesechoicesAnswer:CInformedconsentisanorminwhichsubjectsbasetheirvoluntaryparticipationinresearchprojectsonafullunderstandingofthepossiblerisksinvolved.QuestionThoughthenormofvoluntaryparticipationisimportant,itisoften:A.justifiablyviolatedB.notreceivedC.impossibletofollowD.allofthesechoicesAnswer:DThoughthenormofvoluntaryparticipationisimportant,itisoftenjustifiablyviolated,notreceived,andimpossibletofollow.DebriefingInterviewstodiscoveranyproblemsgeneratedbytheresearchexperiencesotheycanbecorrected.EthicalIssuesinSocialResearchInstitutionalReviewBoards•Reviewresearchproposalsinvolvinghumanssotheycanguaranteetherightsandinterestsareprotected.EthicalIssuesinSocialResearchProfessionalCodesofEthics•Mostprofessionalassociationshaveformalcodesofconductthatdescribeacceptableandunacceptableprofessionalbehavior.EthicalControversy:LaudHumphreysStudyofhomosexualbehaviorinpublicrestrooms.Liedtoparticipantsbytellingthemhewasavoyeur-participant.Tracedparticipantstotheirhomeandinterviewedthemunderfalsepretenses.EthicalControversy:StanleyMilgramStudyofhumanobedience.Subjectshadroleofteacherandadministeredashocktopupils.Pupilswereactuallypartoftheexperiment.EthicsandPoliticsofSocialResearchEthicsdealsmostlywithmethodsusedinresearch.Politicsdealswiththesubstanceanduseofresearch.Therearenoformalcodesofacceptedpoliticalconduct.PoliticsinPerspective1.Scienceisnotuntouchedbypolitics.2.Scienceproceedsinthemidstofpoliticalcontroversyandhostility.PoliticsinPerspective3.Awarenessofideologiesenrichesthestudyandpracticeofsocialresearchmethods.4.Whileresearchersshouldnotlettheirvaluesinterferewiththeirresearch,thisdoesnotmeanthatresearchersshouldnotexpressboththeirscientificexpertiseandpersonalvalues.QuestionBothethicsandpoliticshingeon:A.idiographicresearchB.powerandresourcesC.manifestresearchD.ideologicalpointsofviewAnswer:DBothethicsandpoliticshingeonideologicalpointsofview.QuickQuiz1.Ethicsarenotaconsiderationinwhichoneofthefollowingfieldsofresearch?Ordoethicsenterinallofthesefields?A.naturalsciencesB.psychologyC.medicalD.sociologyE.ethicsenterinallofthemAnswer:EEthicsenterinallofthesefields:naturalsciences,psychology,medicalandsociology.2.ThemajorjustificationthesocialscientisthasforrequestingparticipationinastudyisthatA.itmayhelptherespondent.B.itmayhelpallhumanity.C.itmayhelpthesocialscientist.D.itmayhelpgovernmentofficialsmakepolicydecisions.E.itmayhelpimprovetheeducationalsystem.Answer:BThemajorjustificationthesocialscientisthasforrequestingparticipationinastudyisthat:itmayhelpallhumanity.3.ThecontroversysurroundingLaudHumphreys’studyofhomosexualssuggestshemostviolatedwhichofthefollowingethicalprinciples?A.anonymityandconfidentialityB.harmtosubjectsanddatareportingwithoutidentificationC.concealedidentityofresearcherandanonymityD.value-freeinquiryandconcealedidentityofresearcherE.harmtosubjectsandanonymityAnswer:EThecontroversysurroundingLaudHumphreys’studyofhomosexualssuggestshemostviolatedtheethicalprincipleofharmtosubjectsandanonymity.4.Whichofthefollowingisnotadifferencebetweenethicalandpoliticalaspectsofsocialresearch?Oraretheyalldifferences?A.Ethicalconsiderationsaremoreobjectivethanpoliticalconsiderations.B.Ethicalaspectsincludeaprofessionalcodeofethics,whereaspoliticalaspectsdonot.C.Ethicsdealmorewithmethods,whereaspoliticalissuesdealwithsubstance.D.Ethicalnormshavebeenestablished,whereaspoliticalnorms,forthemostpart,havenotbeenestablished.E.Allaredifferences.Answer:AThefollowingisnotadifferencebetweenethicalandpoliticalaspectsofsocialresearch:Ethicalconsiderationsaremoreobjectivethanpoliticalconsiderations.