TheEarthisaverylargesphericalbody.ThescienceofgeologyisconcernedwiththeEarthandtherocksofwhichitcomposed,theprocessesbywhichtheywereformedduringgeologicaltime,andthemodelingoftheEarth’ssurfaceinthepastandatthepresentday.Earthisnotastaticbodybutisconstantlysubjecttochangesbothatitssurfaceandatdeeperlevels.地球是一个非常大的球状体。地质科学的关注与地球和它的岩石组成,由它们形成的地质年代期间过程和地球的表面,在过去和现今的造型。地球不是一个静态的机构,但都不断受到在其表面和更深层次的变化。Surfacechangescanbeobservedbyengineersandgeologistsalike;amongthemerosionisadominantprocesswhichintimedestroyscoastalcliffs,reducestheheightofcontinents,andtransportsthematerialsoremovedeithertotheseaortoinlandbasinsofdeposition.Changesthatoriginatebelowthesurfacearenotsoeasilyobservedandtheirnaturecanonlybepostulated.Somearethecauseofslowmovementsofcontinentsacrossthesurfaceoftheglobe;otherscausethemorerapidchangesassociatedwithvolcaniceruptionsandearthquakes.表面的变化可以看出由工程师和地质学家相似的,它们之间的侵蚀是一种显性的过程,在时间破坏海岸峭壁,减少了大陆的高度,运材料,以便删除或到海边或内陆沉积盆地。变化,源于地表以下不那么容易观察和其性质只能是假设。有些是跨越大洲的地球表面的动作缓慢的原因;他人造成更快速的火山爆发和地震相关的变化。AmongtheplanetsofourSolarSystemtheEarthisuniqueinpossessing(拥有)acontinuous(连续的)bodyofsaltwater,theoceans.Theoceanscoveralmost71percentoftheEarth’ssurfaceandcontainabout97%ofthewaterinthehydrosphere.ThedistributionoflandsandseasovertheEarthisasymmetric;landisconcentratedintheNorthernHemisphere.Oceanswaterisdistributedinfourdeep-oceanbasins:(1)Pacific(太平洋)(aslargeasalltheothersputtogether),(2)Atlantic,(3)Indian,and(4)Arctic(北冰洋).Thesouthernocean,knownastheAntarcticOcean,doesnotoccupyaseparatebasin,butadepression(洼地)thatisformedbysouthwardextensionsofthePacific,Atlantic,andIndianOceanbasins.Smaller,partiallyisolatedbodiesofoceanwaterareseas.AfewexamplesaretheCaribbeanSea,theMediterraneanSea,andtheSouthChinaSea.Still-smallerarmsoftheoceansaregulfs,bays,channels,andstraits.在我们太阳系的行星地球是拥有(拥有)连续(连续的)盐的水体独特,海洋。海洋几乎涵盖了71地球表面的百分之并包含约97%的水在水圈。的土地和海洋对地球的分布是不对称的,土地是集中在北半球。海洋里的水分布在四个深海盆地:(1)太平洋(太平洋)(所有其他国家一样大放在一起),(2)大西洋,(3)印度,(4)北极(北冰洋)。南大洋,为南极已知的,不占用一个独立的盆地,但抑郁症(洼地),由太平洋,大西洋和印度洋流域向南扩展形成的。规模较小,部分属孤立的海洋水体的海洋。有几个例子是加勒比海,地中海,南中国海。海洋静物小武器是海湾,海湾,通道和海峡。Mostsolidsarecrystalline(结晶质的),withtheatoms(原子),ions(离子),ormolecules(分子)ofwhichtheyconsistbeingarrangedinaregularpattern.Fourkindsofbondsarefoundincrystals;ionic,covalent(共有原子价的,共价的),metallic(金属的),andvanderWaals.大多数固体结晶(结晶质的),与原子(原子),离子(离子)或分子(分子),其中包括他们被安排在一个规律。四,债券种被发现在晶体;离子,共价(共有原子价的,共价的),金属(金属的),和范德华。Thecrustoftheearthisitsoutershellofrock.Thecrustistypically5miles(英里)thickundertheoceansand20milesthickunderthecontinents.Themostabundant(丰富的,大量的,充足的)elements(元素)inthecrustareoxygen(47%bymass)andsilicon(硅)(28%);thencomealuminum(铝),iron([′aiən]铁),calcium(ˈkælsiəm钙),sodium([′səʊdi:əm]钠),potassium(pəˈtæsi:əm钾),andmagnesium(mægˈni:zi:əm镁),whichrangefrom8%to2%inthatorder.Sincethe0--ionisrelativelylarge,over90%ofthevolumeofthecrustisoxygen.Minerals(矿产,矿物)Rocksareaggregates(聚集)ofhomogeneous(同性质的,同类的)substancescalledminerals.地球的地壳岩石的外壳。地壳通常是5英里(英里)在海洋和大陆的20英里厚下厚。最丰富(丰富的,大量的,充足的)在地壳元素(元素)是氧气(47质量%)和硅(硅)(28%),然后来到铝(铝),铁(['aiən]铁),钙(kælsiəm钙),钠(['səʊdi:əm]钠),钾(pətæsi:əm钾)和镁(mægni:子:əm镁),其范围从8%到2%左右秩序。由于0-离子是比较大的超过90%的地壳量,是氧气。矿物质(矿产,矿物)岩石是均质集合体(聚集)(同性质的,同类的)物质称为矿物质。Thetermrockisusedforthosematerialsofmanykindswhichformthegreaterpartoftherelativelythinoutershell,orcrust,oftheEarth;这个词用于岩石构成了相对薄薄的外壳,大部份,或对地球地壳,多种的材料;Plutonisdefinedasanybodyofintrusiveigneousrock.岩体被定义为任何火成岩侵入体。Sedimentaryrocksareformedbythelithification(成岩作用,岩化)ofsedimentarymaterials.沉积岩所形成的沉积材料石漠化(成岩作用,岩化)。(1)Thermal(热的,热量的,由热造成的)orContact(接触)Metamorphism,whereriseoftemperatureisthedominantfactor.Thermaleffectsarebroughtaboutincontactzonesadjacenttoigneousintrusions.(2)Dynamic(有活力的,强有力的)orDislocation(位错)Metamorphism,wherethedominantcontrolisstress(压力),asinbeltsofshearing.(3)Regional(地区的;区域的)Metamorphism,wherebothtemperatureandpressurehaveoperatedoveralargearea.(1)热(热的,热量的,由热造成的)或联系方式(接触)变质,那里的温度上升是主要因素。热效应所带来的接触火成岩侵入区毗邻。(2)动态(有活力的,强有力的)或脱位(位错)变质,其中占主导地位的控制应力(压力),如剪切带。(3)区域(地区的,区域的)变质,其中温度和压力已大面积经营。Landareasarecontinuallybeingreducedandtheirshapemodifiedbyweatheringanderosion,andthegeneraltermforthisisdenudation.土地面积不断减少,它们的形状被风化和侵蚀修改,而这是剥蚀的总称。Everest(珠穆朗玛峰)theMarianasTrench(马里亚纳海沟)erosion侵蚀inlandbasin内陆盆地abyssalplain深海平原continentalrise大陆基lithospheren岩石圈continentalshelf大陆架asthenopheren软流圈reliefn地貌,地形起伏thermalconductivity热传导率temperaturegradient温度剃度trenchn海沟geostaticpressure地压力elasticwave弹性波isostaticbalance地壳均衡velocity(速度)thewavecrest波峰Theorbital(轨道)negligible(忽略)anetmotion净议案circulation(循环)theCorioliseffect(科里奥利效应)whirlpools(漩涡流)gyres(环流)theGulfStream(墨西哥湾流)theNorthAtlanticDrift(北大西洋漂移)thegravitational(重力)forces引力部队variations(变化)representation(代表)neaptides(小潮汐)hydrospheren水圈asymmetrica不均匀的hemispheren半球Atlanticn大西洋hydrologica水文学的Arcticn北极Antarcticn南极CaribbeanSea加勒比海MediterraneanSea地中海bioerosionala生物侵蚀的abyssalfloor深海床,深海底tropicalreef热带珊瑚礁morphologyn形态学Thegroundwater(地下水)theregolith风化层formationwater(地层水)vadosewater渗流水hydraulicgradient水力梯度nonconfineda非承压的infiltrate渗透confineda承压的formationwater地层水irregularity不规则positive正极的negative(负极的)account