Grammarsentences课件制作者————————May句子成份★句子一般由两个部分组成:主语部分(subjectgroup)谓语部分(predicategroup)★句子成份:主·谓·宾·表补定·状·Membersofsentence:S---subjectP---predicativeO---objectAttri.---attributeAdv.---adverbOc---objectcomplement主·宾·表补定·状·1)主语(subject)Ilikefootball.Theboyneedsapen.句子的主体,全句述说的对象。一般由担任,常置于句首。2)谓语(predicate)说明主语的动作或状态。由担任。常置于主语后。Thetrainleavesat6o’clock.Iwantaticket.,动词不定式,动名词或从句名词,主格代词动词1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(主语从句)(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)(三)谓语2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.(2)由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如:DoyouspeakEnglish?Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.(3)由系动词加表语构成。如:Wearestudents.注意:谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。3)宾语(object)4)表语(predicative)Hewonthegame.表示vt.的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。由n.或相当于n.的词担任。置于vt.或prep.后。Tomelosthislifeinthebigfire.Heisastudent.用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由n.或adj.担任。置于系动词之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如:(五)宾语宾语(Object)表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(名词)(代词、动名词)(名词、数词)4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(名词化形容词,名词)(不定式短语)(动名词短语)(宾语从句)宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等,例如:HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等,例如:Sheboughtagiftforhermother.(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等,如:Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.下列动词既可接不定式,也可接动名词做宾语,但意义不同,如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。forgettodo表示“未发生的动作”,forgetdoing表示“已完成的动作”。如:Don'tforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来)Iforgotreturningthebooktohim.(书已还给他了)除了be系动词外,还有一些动词也可以用作系动词,1)表感官的动词:2)表转变变化的动词:3)表延续的动词feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem等。become,get,grow,turn,go,等remain,keep,hold,stay,rest等。注意:系动词(Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:Heisateacher.2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如:Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3)表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem,appear,look,例如:Heseems(tobe)verysad.注意:系动词(Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的状态,性质特征和身份等。4)感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如:Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5)变化系动词表示主语变成什么样,主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如:Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,turnout,表达结果是;证明是,之意,例如:Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)2.Isityours?(代词)3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)4.Thespeechisexciting.(分词)5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?(数词)6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.(动名词)8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.(介词短语)9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.(副词)10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)5)宾补(objectivecomplement)补充说明宾语的情况。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。Theymadehimking.‹›Iconsiderthebooktooexpensive.‹›6)定语(attributive)对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示,通常位于被修饰的成分前。Theblackbikeismine.()(六)宾语补足语宾语补足语(ObjectComplement),用于补充说明宾语的动作,一般位于宾语之后,宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有:tell,let,help,teach,ask,see,have,order,make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(名词)(形容词)(副词)(不定式短语)(现在分词)(介词短语)(从句)说明1:当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing,anything,everything,something等时,定语要放在其后作后置定语我告诉他一些有趣的事情。Itellhimsomethinginteresting.说明2:不定式、短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。TheboysintheroomareinClassTen.(七)定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示:1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.(名词)4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代词)5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.(定语从句)7)状语(adverbial)用以修饰adj./v./adv.及全句,位置灵活。通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。Iamverysorry.Weoftenhelphim.WhenIgrowup,Iamgoingtobeateacher.(从句作时间状语)(八)状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语(Adverbial)。可由以下形式表示:1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(副词及副词性词组)(介词短语)(不定式短语)9种状语种类如下:1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(时间状语)(