Jack-London-简介

JackLondon王轶群20121001216Abouttheauthor•JackLondon(bornJohnGriffithChaney,January12,1876–November22,1916),wasanAmericanauthor,journalist,andsocialactivist.•Hewasapioneerinthethen-burgeoningworldofcommercialmagazinefictionandwasoneofthefirstfictionwriterstoobtainworldwidecelebrityandalargefortunefromhisfictionalone.•HeisbestrememberedastheauthorofCalloftheWildandWhiteFang,bothsetintheKlondikeGoldRush,aswellastheshortstoriesToBuildaFire,AnOdysseyoftheNorth,andLoveofLife“.•HealsowroteoftheSouthPacificinsuchstoriesasThePearlsofParlayandTheHeathen,andoftheSanFranciscoBayareainTheSeaWolf.•Londonwasapassionateadvocateofunionization,socialism,andtherightsofworkersandwroteseveralpowerfulworksdealingwiththesetopicssuchashisdystopiannovel,TheIronHeelandhisnon-fictionexposé,ThePeopleoftheAbyss.•Hegavehislifetocreateavolumeofabout50works,mostfamousforCalloftheWild,SeaWolfandWhiteFang,MartinEdenandaseriesofexcellentshortstoryLoveofLife,“OldManAlliance,NorthernTheOdyssey,MaPuxithehouse,Silenceofthesnow,andsoon.NotableNovels•TheCalloftheWild(1903)《野性的呼唤》•TheSea-Wolf(1904)《海狼》•MartinEden(1909)《马丁·伊登》•WhiteFang(1906)《白牙》•TheIronHeel(1908)《铁蹄》EarlylifeLondonwasbornnearThirdandBrannanStreetsinSanFrancisco.Thoughthefamilywasworkingclass,itwasnotasimpoverishedasLondon'slateraccounts.Londonwasessentiallyself-educated.In1885LondonfoundandreadOuida'slongVictoriannovelSigna.Hecreditedthisastheseedofhisliterarysuccess.In1886hewenttotheOaklandPublicLibraryandfoundasympatheticlibrarian,InaCoolbrith,whoencouragedhislearning.In1889,Londonbeganworking12to18hoursadayatHickmott'sCannery.•In1893,hesignedontothesealingschoonerSophieSutherland,boundforthecoastofJapan.Whenhereturned,thecountrywasinthegripofthepanicof'93andOaklandwassweptbylaborunrest.Aftergruelingjobsinajutemillandastreet-railwaypowerplant,hejoinedKelly'sArmyandbeganhiscareerasatramp.In1894,hespent30daysforvagrancyintheErieCountyPenitentiaryatBuffalo.•Aftermanyexperiencesasahoboandasailor,hereturnedtoOaklandandattendedOaklandHighSchool.Hecontributedanumberofarticlestothehighschool'smagazine,TheAegis.HisfirstpublishedworkwasTyphoonofftheCoastofJapan,anaccountofhissailingexperiences.•JackLondonstudyingatHeinold'sFirstandLastChancein1886.Asaschoolboy,LondonoftenstudiedatHeinold'sFirstandLastChance,aportsidebarinOakland.At17,heconfessedtothebar'sowner,JohnHeinold,hisdesiretoattendUniversityandpursueacareerasawriter.HeinoldlentLondontuitionmoneytoattendcollege.•LondondesperatelywantedtoattendtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.In1896afterasummerofintensestudyingtopasscertificationexams,hewasadmitted.Financialcircumstancesforcedhimtoleavein1897andhenevergraduated.NoevidencesuggeststhatLondonwroteforstudentpublicationswhilestudyingatBerkeley.MarriagesFirstmarriage(1900–1904)LondonmarriedElizabethBessieMaddernonApril7,1900,thesamedayTheSonoftheWolfwasedited.Theirfirstchild,Joan,wasbornonJanuary15,1901,andtheirsecond,Bessie(latercalledBecky),onOctober20,1902.BothchildrenwereborninPiedmont,California.HereLondonwroteoneofhismostcelebratedworks,TheCalloftheWild.WhileLondonhadprideinhischildren,themarriagewasunderstrain.OnJuly24,1903,LondontoldBessiehewasleavingandmovedout.During1904LondonandBessnegotiatedthetermsofadivorce,andthedecreewasgrantedonNovember11,1904.SecondmarriageAfterdivorcingMaddern,LondonmarriedCharmianKittredgein1905.Theirtimetogetherincludednumeroustrips,includinga1907cruiseontheyachtSnarktoHawaiiandAustralia.Londonwasrestlessinhismarriage;soughtextramaritalsexualaffairs;andfound,inCharmianKittredge,notonlyasexuallyactiveandadventurouspartner,buthisfuturelife-companion.Theyattemptedtohavechildren.Onechilddiedatbirth,andanotherpregnancyendedinamiscarriage.ThedeathofJackLondon•ThedeathofJackLondonisstillamystery.November21,1916,JackLondonplanedtobuysomegoodbullinChicagoonhiswaytoNewYork,butthatnighthetookanoverdoseofmorphine（吗啡）anddied.Hehadabookonthetable,writingsomenumbers.Atthattimehesufferedfromtheuraemia（尿毒症）,butthedoctorsthoughtthecauseofhisdeathasuraemiawasnotconvincing.•Thenonlytwoexplanations:suicide,orcalculationerrors.Arrangementsduringthedayfromhispointofview,notasuicide;butitisdifficultforpeopletoaccepttheveryimportantmedicationcalculationerrorsThankYou