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FourteenStepstoaClearlyWrittenTechnicalPaper写好科技论文的14个步骤byR.T.Compton,Jr.【作者：R.T.Compton,Jr】Atechnicalpaperwillusuallyhavefoursections.Thepurposeofeachofthesesectionsisasfollows:【科技论文通常有4个部分。每个部分的作用如下：】SectionI:Introduction【第一部分：简介】Theintroductionshoulddothefollowing:【简介如下：】1.Openupthesubject.(Thesubjectwillbeelectromagneticfieldsincylindricaldielectricgeometrics,adaptivearraysinpacketradio,orwhatever.)【打开话题。话题可能是电磁领域的柱状电介质，或者分组无线网中的自适应矩阵】2.Surveypastworkrelevanttothispaper.【调查与该论文有关的工作】3.Describetheproblemaddressedinthispaper,andshowhowthisworkrelatesto,oraugments,previouswork.【描述在本论文讨论的问题，并且说明该工作与以往工作的联系，或者是增强】4.Describetheassumptionsmadeingeneralterms,andstatewhatresultshavebeenobtained.(Thisgivesthereaderaninitialoverviewofwhatproblemisaddressedinthepaperandwhathasbeenachieved.)【描述由总括得到的猜想，并声明获得了什么结果。这样能给读者一个最初的概述：论文讨论了问题，解决了什么问题】5.Overviewthecontentsofthepaper.(“SectionIIcontainsourformulationoftheproblem.SectionIIIcontainstheexperimentaldata...”)【概述论文的内容。第二部涵盖了我们对问题的构想（简洁陈述）。第三部分涵盖了实验数据】SectionII:FormulationoftheProblem【第二部分：表述问题】Thissectionshoulddothreethings:【该部分遵循三点】1.Definetheproblemtobeconsideredindetail.Typicallythissectionmightbeginwithsomethinglike:“Considerapacketradiosystemconsistingofasinglecentralrepeatersurroundedbyuserterminals.EachusertransmitspacketstothecentralrepeaterusingaslottedALOHAprotocol[1].Thetransmissionsfromallusersareassumedtobeonthesamefrequency...”Thediscussionshouldproceedinthiswayuntiltheproblemiscompletelydefined.【详细定义要论述的问题。通常该部分可能以某样事物开始，例如：“论述一个由一个单独的被用户终端围绕的中央中继器组成的分组无线电系统。用户通过ALOHA协议传输数据包到中央中继器。所有用户的传输被假定为同一个频率。”该论述应该这样进行到问题被完全定义完。】2.Defineallterminologyandnotationused.Usuallytheterminologyandnotationaredefinedalongwiththeproblemitself.【定义所有被使用的专业名词和符号。通查这些专业名词和符号是单独与问题本身一起定义的】3.Developtheequationsonwhichyourresultswillbebasedand/ordescribeanyexperimentalsystems.【推导结论所需的公式，并且/或者描述实验体系】SectionIII:Results【第三部分：结果】Thissectionpresentsthedetailedresultsyouhaveobtained.Ifthepaperistheoretical,youwillprobablyshowcurvesobtainedfromyourequations.Ifthepaperisexperimental,youwillbepresentingcurvesshowingthemeasurementresults.Inordertochoosethepropercurvestopresent,youmustfirstbeclearwhatpointyouaretryingtoconveytothereader.Thecurvescanthenbechosentoillustratethispoint.Whetheryourpaperistheoreticalorexperimental,youmustprovideacarefulinterpretationofwhatyourresultsmeanandwhytheybehaveastheydo.【该部分提出你获得的详细结果。如果论文是理论性的，你应该演示从公式获得的曲线。如果论文是实验的，你应该演示从测量结果获得的曲线。为了选择合适的曲线演示，你首先要明确你要对读者表达什么观点。这些曲线能够被选来说明你的观点。无论你的论文是理论性的还是实验性的，你一定要给出一个表达你的结果是什么和它们为什么是那样的严谨的解释。】SectionIV:Conclusion【第四部分：结论】Thissectionshouldsummarizewhathasbeenaccomplishedinthepaper.ManyreaderswillreadonlytheIntroductionandConclusionofyourpaper.TheConclusionshouldbewrittensotheycanbeunderstoodbysomeonewhohasnotreadthemainworkofthepaper.【该部分应该总结论文完成的内容。大部分读者只会读论文的简介和结论。所以写论文的结论能够让那些没有读过论文正文的人了解你的论文。】Thisisthecommonformatforanengineeringpaper.Ofcourse,thenamesofthesectionsmaydifferslightlyfromthoseabove,butthepurposeofeachsectionwillusuallybeasdescribed.Somepapersincludeadditionalsectionsordifferfromtheaboveoutlineinonewayoranother.However,theoutlinejustpresentedisagoodstartingpointforwritingatechnicalpaper.【这是写工程论文的通用格式。当然，（一般工程论文的）这些部分的名字可能会跟以上的有点不同，但是每部分的作用通常是一样的。一些论文会包括附加的部分或者与以上提出的大纲在某种方式上不同。然而，之前提出的大纲是写好科技论文的一个好的开始】Towriteyourpaper,youshouldproceedasfollows:【要写好论文，应该遵循以下：】Step1:Startbywritingacompletefirstdraftofyourpaper,exceptfortheIntroductionandConclusion.(ItiseasiesttoleavetheIntroductionandConclusionuntilafterthemainbodyofthepaperiswritten.)Inwritingyourpaper,keepthefollowinginmind:【第一步：写一份完整的初稿作为你论文的开始，除了简介和推论。（因为在论文主体写完后写简介和结论是最简单的），在写论文的时候，记住以下：】1.Youmustalwayspresentthebigpicturefirstandthenworktowardsthedetails.Theotherwayaroundwillnotwork.ThisisespeciallytrueinthebeginningofSectionII,whereyouareexplainingtheproblemyouarestudying.【必须先提出重点，然后向细节展开。其它方式将没用。这一点在第二部分的开始，在解释你正在研究的问题时尤其重要。】2.Ifyougetstuckandcannotfigureouthowtoexplainsomething,ausefultrickistoimaginethatyouaretellingaverygoodfriendwhatyouareworkingon:justputdownthewordsasyouwouldsaythemtoyourfriend.【如果你卡住了不能想出怎样解释某事，一个非常有用的技巧是，想象你正在告诉你一个非常好的朋友你在研究什么：将你会说给他听的话写下来】Inwritingyourfirstdraft,donotworryifthewordingisnotperfect.Polishingthedocumentcomeslater.Whenyouarefinishedwithyourfirstdraft,putitawayforacoupleofdaysbeforeyoubeginStep2.【在写初稿的时候，不要害怕措辞不完美。抛光文件后，当你完成初稿后，在你开始第二步之前把它放开几天】Step2:Makesuretheideasinthepaperareintherightorder.Ifnot,moveblocksofthepaperaroundwithyourtexteditoruntiltheyare.Askyourself:“Canthereaderunderstandeverypassagestrictlyfromthematerialuptothatpoint?”Ifnot,addmaterialormoveideasaround.Makesuretherearenotgapsinyourlogicalarguments,andmakesureyouarenotimplicitlyassumingthatthereaderunderstandssomethingneededtofollowyourarguments,eventhoughyouhavenotstatedit.Thereaderprobablyunderstandslessthanyouthink.【第三步：Step3:Workonthetransitionsbetweenideas.Makesurethatateachstagethereaderhasaroadmapofwhereheorsheisgoing.Thereadermustbeabletoseethebigpicture.Atthebeginningofeachsection,makecleartothereaderinadvancewhatthepurposeofthats