教师话语与第二语言习得

(200433):,,,,,,,,:;;;:H319:A:100025544(2006)0320069205Abstract:Teachertalkisofcrucialimportance,notonlyfortheorganizationoftheclassroombutalsoforthepro2cessesofacquisition.Itisthemajorsourceofcomprehensibletargetlanguageinputthelearnerislikelytoreceiveintheforeignlanguageclassroomteaching.Therelativestudiesabroadonteachertalkaremainlyfocusedontheamountandtypeofteachertalk,itseffectsonlanguagecomprehension,teacherquestions,feedbackanderrorcorrection.Moststudiesandsurveyscarriedoutathomeinrecentyearshaveputmoreemphasisonthequantityofteachertalkratherthanonitsquality.ThepresentarticleanalyzestwoextractsfromCollegeEnglishclassroomteaching,usingaConversationAnalysis(CA)methodologyandtriestoexplorethepotentialthatteachersofEFLmayfacilitateorin2creaseopportunitiesforlanguagelearningandlearnerparticipationthroughtheirchoiceanduseoflanguageandthepossibilitythattheymayhinderordecreasetheseopportunities.Thearticlesuggeststhatteachersmaycreatemoreopportunitiesforlearningandclassroomparticipationbymonitoringandreflectingtheiruseoflanguage,bypayingmoreattentiontothequalityofteachertalkandconsequentlypromotesecondlanguageacquisition.Keywords:teachertalk;classroomparticipation;learningopportunity;secondlanguageacquisition1.,,,(Nunan,1991:189)Krashen(1985)(Johnson,1995)(Hakansson,1986),,,,,(,2004),,Simich2Dudgeon(1998):,;;Nunan(1990),,Long&Sato(1983)(Ellis,1994)938White&Lightbown(1984)50427,,(1998)(1999),45,65%-90%,,,,,,70%80%(Nunan,1991),,;;,,;9620065273ForeignLanguageEducationMay.2006Vol.27No.3,,,,,,,,2.(foreignertalk)(Ellis,1994):,Gaies(1977;1979),Henzl(1979),Long(1983b)Long&Sato(1983),Chaudron(1983a)Wesche&Ready(1983)(Ellis,1994:145),,,,,,,(Richard&Lockhart,1996:185)Long&Sato(1983),Brock(1986)Nunan(1987)(displayques2tions)(referentialquestions)Long(1983b)Long&Sato(1983),()(),79%Musumeci(1996),,(1996:314):teachers...speakmore,moreoften,controlthetopicofconversation,rarelyaskquestionsforwhichtheydonothaveanswers,andappeartounderstandabsolutelyev2erythingthestudentssay,sometimesbeforetheyevensayit!(2004),68%Brock(1986),,,Nunan(1987a)(Nunan,1991:194),,,Rowe(1974,1986)(Nunan,1991:193),,35,,Long&Crookes(1986)(Nunan,1991:193)RoweRowe,,(fillinginthegaps)(Nunan,1991),,Bro2phy(1981),Good&Brophy(1987),,,,,Good,Verygood,Right,Okey,What?Nunan(1991),,3.,4043,19.5(30),,:1)?2)?3)()?(ConversationAnalysisMethodology):1),2)(VanLier,1988;Johnson,1995)3),,,4)0720065273ForeignLanguageEducationMay.2006Vol.27No.3,,,,1()21L3:=Idon’tagreethereisagenerationgapermIsaybetween...mymotherandIIsay...Iwantsay...Iwanttosay(2)22T:you[wanttosay]youcancommunicatewitheachother?=23L3:=yesyesItellmymotherermeverythinglikemylife...andmystudyandsoon=24L:=youtellyourmotheryouhaveaboyfriend?(laughter)=25L3:=ofcourse...weareadultsnow...26LL:(laughter)((3))27T:verygoodthankyou...wellclassyouknowweof2tenhearyoungpeoplesaythattheirparentsdon’tunderstandthem...doyouthinkyouunderstandyourparents?orhaveyouevertriedtounderstandthemwhenyouhavedifferentopinionsonsomething?(3)28L2:IthinkIdon’tunderstandthembuterm...29T:IDON’TTHINKIUNDERSTANDthem...30L2:yesIdon’tthinkIunderstandthembut...butwhenIlearn...ohafterIlearn...Ilearnedthestory...IthinkI...begantoknow...Ishouldthankthem=31L1:=Ialsomovedbythestory...32L:WASmoved=33L1:=Iwasmovedbythestory...inthepastIal2wayshate...ohnohate(laughter)34T:maybeCOMPLAINEDisabetterword=35L1:=yesIalwayscomplainedtheydon’tunderstandme...erm...theysayIdon’tstudyhardandtheydon’tletmewatchTVandsoon...36L:weshouldclearourparentsarenoteasy...ermermtheydoalotofthingsforus=37T:=shouldclear?=38L:=should...clearohnotclearshouldbeclear...shouldaware=39T:=shouldBEAWAREourparentshavedonealotforus...(2)40L4:yesweshouldbeawarethat...nowIcallmyparents...onetime=41LL:=once((3))=42L4:=what?ONCE!yesonceatime...ohonceaweek...ItellthemImissthembut...beforeIneversay...Ihaveneversaythat...saidthat...43L5:why?=44L4:=becauseermIthinkinthepastIamselfishermIonlythoughtofmyself(2)45L6:Ithinkwhenwewereyoungwedidn’tunder2stand...erm...howmuchourparentsdid...justliketheau2thorinthestorybutnow...weareareadultsweshouldknowandweshould...careforthem...doyouagree?=46LL:=yes((4))47L7:yesIagreewithhim...weshould...BEawaretheyhave...weaknesstoo...nobodycandoanything=48T:=yesyouarerightverygoodIappreciateyouropinionsbutwhatshouldyoudoifyourparentsandyouhaveconflictingideas?...211T:=soyoudon’twanttobeateacherinthefuture?=12L2:=yesbut...13T:butwhy?=14L2:=whywhy...becauseitisnoteasy...erermbe2cause...15T:becausewhat?=16L2:=yeserermbecauseyouyoumustgoonlearn2ing...andor...yourstudentsthinkyoulackmanyknowledge=17T:=[MANYknowledge]?canwesayMANYknowledge?=18LL:=no!muchknowledge...((3))19T:yesrightmuchknowledgeknowledgeisanun2countablenounwesaymuchknowledgewedon’tsaymanyknowledgeareyouclear?=20LL:=yes21T:soWangYuedoyouthinkteachingisaneasyjob?=22WangYue:=me?nono23LL:(laughter)((2))24T:okclasswhatdoestheauthorthinkofteachingasaprofession?...25L3:hesay...hesaysteachingisthemosterm...26T:themostdifficultjob=27L3:=themostdifficultjoberm...intheworldbe2causebecauseitdealwithpeople=28T:=itDEALS