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(5)thereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders.”Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;(10)rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.Furthermore,althoughitiscommonlysupposedthatsocialgroupshaveasingleleader,researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletion(15)oftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthings”done.”Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smember.Expressiveleaderarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.Groupmembers(20)expectexpressiveleaderstomaintainstablerelationshipswithinthegroupandprovidesupporttoindividualmembers.Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveordersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshipto(25)othersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequicktolightenaseriousmomentwithhumor,andtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamote(30)distantrespect.Comment1:尽管领导者通常被认为是具有非凡个人能力的人，数十年的研究却没有揭示出存在任何一类“天然领导者”的可靠证据。Comment2:亲和型领导较少关注群体的共有目标，而更多地注意于向群体成员提供情感支持，并试图缓解群体成员间的冲突和紧张。Comment3:在某个成员遇到困难或者受到约束时，他们会给予同情，会迅速地用幽默冲淡过于严肃的气氛，会尽力解决可能导致群体分裂的问题。新托福专业备考社区题目解析：41.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?(A)Theproblemsfacedbyleaders(B)Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups(C)Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem(D)Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups解析：本文第1段和第2段讲了一个团体中领导的产生，第3段和第4段着重阐述了领导的角色，即功用型领导和亲和型领导。因此正确选项为D。42.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT(A)recruitment(B)formalelectionprocess(C)specificleadershiptraining(D)traditionalculturalpatterns解析：文中第2行”Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadership…”，说明traditionalculturalpatterns是peoplebecomeleaders的一种方式，第3行”Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.”说明formalelectionprocess和recruitment是peoplebecomeleaders的方式，因此，ABD三个选项都在原文中被提及了，正确选项为C。43.Inmentioning“naturalleaders”inlines8-9,theauthorismakingthepointthat(A)fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders”(B)thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist(C)“naturalleaders’areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofasocialgroup(D)“naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics解析：文中第7行至第9行…decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders.”这句话的意思是说数十年的研究却没有揭示出存在任何一类“天然领导者”的可靠证据。因此正确选项为B。(A)personwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.(B)Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.(C)Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.(D)Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.解析：文中第9行至第11行”Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon”意思是说看来并不存在一个所有的领导者共有的个人品质的集合，即某一群体的好领导不一定是另一个群体的好领导。因此正确选项为A。45.Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumentalleadersgenerallyfocuson(A)ensuringharmoniousrelationships(B)sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembers(C)identifyingnewleaders(D)achievingagoal解析：文中第14行至第15行”Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.”功用型领导是一种强调完成某社会群体任务的领导力。文中第23行至第24行”Theygiveordersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthegroup’sgoals.”意思是他们主要下达命令并且约束那些妨碍群体目标达成的成员。因此可以得出功用型的领导主要关注目标的达成。正确选项为D。46.Theword“collective”inline17isclosestinmeaningto(A)necessary(B)typical(C)group(D)particular解析：collective在句中应该表示名词的含义，从文中第17行原句中最后的groupmember可知，collective在此表示group的含义。“them”inline19refersto(A)expressiveleaders(B)goalsofthegroup(C)groupmembers(D)tensionandconflict解析：从文中第19行的them回溯前文，文中提到了groupmember，是说亲和型的领导对成员提供情感支持并将他们之间的紧张和冲突最小化，不难看出这里的“他们”是指团队的成员。因此正确选项为C。48.A“secondaryrelationship”mentionedinline22betweenaleaderandthemembersofagroupcouldbestbecharacterizedas(A)distant(B)enthusiastic(C)unre