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Inthisargument，theauthorconcludes/recommendsthat….Tosupportthisconclusion/recommendation,theauthorpointsout/cites….Inaddition/Onthebasisofthis,theauthoralsocitesthat….Thisargumentsuffersfromseveralcritical/logicalflaws,whichrenderitunconvincingasitstands./However,closescrutinyoftheargumentrevealsseverallogicalproblems,whichrenderitunconvincingasitstands.PE(paragraphending)：Lackingclearerevidencethat…,theauthorcannotexpectustotakeseriouslytheclaim/convincemethat…Withoutaddressingthisissue/consideringotherfactorsthatmightcontributeto…/rulingoutsuch/otherpossibilities/explanations/accountingfor…,theauthorcannotjustifiablyconcludethat…/justifytheclaim/convincemethat…/makeanysoundrecommendationto…Inshort,theauthormustprovidesomeevidenceof…beforeIcanaccepttheauthor’sfinalconclusionthat…(接Perhaps…)Ifso,thisfact/Eitherscenario/Anyofthesescenarios,ifture,wouldsignificantly/seriouslyundermine/weaken(thearguer’scontention/conclusionthat)…正1→小样本、代表性、随机性、权威性(1)Athresholdproblemwiththeargumentinvlovesthestatisticalreliabilityofthesurveybecausethesizeofthesampleistoosmalltobesufficient.Also,thesamplemightbeunrepresentativeof…asawhole.Withoutasufficientlyrepresentativesample,theauthorcannotdrawanyconclusionwhatsoeveronthebasisofthestudy.（小样本、代表性）(2)…arerarelysufficienttoestablishageneralconclusion.Fromthesurveyquotedinthisargument,wefindnosignofsuchproceduresforrandomsamplingsandhavegoodreasonstodoubtifthesampleisrepresentativeenoughtoreflectthegeneralsituationasawhole.Besides,…providesnoinformationaboutwhatpercentageof…respondedtothesurveys.Thelowerthepercentage,thelessreliabletheresultsofthesurveys/study’sconclusion.（随机性、代表性）结尾总结用Tobetterevaluatethereliabilityofthestudyuponwhichtheauthor’sconclusiondepends,Iwouldneedmoreinformationaboutthesize/randomnessofthestudy’ssample.正2→对比试验Theauthorprovidesnoinformationconcerning/omitstoinformusaboutA,B,CandD.Itisimpossibletoconcludewithoutcomparingthetwogroupssubjects.Forexample,….Withoutevidenceofthestudy’smethodological(andstatistical)reliability,theauthorcannotrelyonthestudytodrawanyfirmconclusion.正3→错误因果、错误假设(1)AisnotnecessarilyduetoB.Perhaps….Sincetheargumentfailstoaccountforthisalternativeexplanationfor…,theauthorcannot…(2)TheauthorunfairlyattributesAtoB/assumesthatAwereattributabletoB.Lackingevidencetoconfirmthisassumption,itisentirelypossiblethat….Or,perhaps….Afterall,theauthorprovidesnoevidencethat….PE.正4→差异概念、无理假设、缺少证据、定义不清（强调不一定,notnecessary）(1)AdoesnotnecessarilyindicatethatB.Perhaps….Forthatmatter,….PE.(2)Theargumentrelies/dependsonthe(unsubstantiated)assumptionthat…/BasedonthefactthatAtheauthorinfersthatB.However,/Yetthisisnotnecessarilythecase.Perhaps….Ifso,thisfactwouldsignificantlyundermine…(3)Thefactthat…lendsno/littlecredible/scantsupportto…(4)Aprobleminvolvesthedefinitionof….Theauthorfailstodefinethiscriticalterm.If…isdefinedas…,then….Inshort,withoutacleardefinitionof…itisimpossibletoassessthestrengthoftheargument.正5→错误推测（过去推将来、现在推过去）Thearguerusespreviousexperiencetoillustratethatnow…,ignoringthefactoroftimewhichperhapscanchangeeverythingincluding….Eg:Theeconomicsituationbecomesworse;Theworseningeconomicsituation正6→错误类比(成功不可复制)OneproblemwhyIdisagreewiththeargumentisthatitisunwarrantedtoinferfromthesuccessofBthatAwillalsosucceedbyfollowingthesameformat.Perhaps….Inshort,lackingevidencethatconditionsonthe…arerelevantlysimilar,theauthorcannotconvincemeonthebasisofA’sexperiencethattheactionwouldbeeffectiveinB.Eg:economicsituation,region正7→其他因素、非此即彼Theargumentsuffersfrom“either-or”reasoning.Basedonthefactthat…,theauthorunfairlyconcludesthat….However,theauthoroverlooksthepossibility…Anotherproblemwiththeargumentisthatitoverlooksotherfactorsthat…/thepossibilitythatAisnottheonlyfactoraffectingB.Forinstance,perhaps…/Itisentirelypossiblethat…doesinfactserveto….PE.正8→言行不一Theauthorappreciatessb’sstrongcommitmenttosthtosomeextent.However,weknowthefactthattomakeacommitmentisonething,toachieveitisfarmoredifficult.Thereisnoindicationthattheymightfulfilltheirpromise.结尾：Insum,theargumentisunconvincingasitstands/notwellsupported.Tobolsterit,theauthormustprovideclearevidencethat…Theauthormustalsoshowthat….Tobetterassess/evaluatetheargumentwewouldneedfigures…/moreinformationabout….Weshouldalsoneedtoknow…