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国际贸易实务(英文版)InternationalTradePractice周瑞琪王小欧徐月芳编著ChaptertwoIV.Shortquestions1.WhopaysforloadingforshipmentunderFOB?答：Seller.2.WhopaysforunloadingunderCIF?答：Buyer.3.CompareandcontrastFOB,CFRandCIF?答：Similarities:a.Seller’sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodspasstheship’srail.b.Sellerisresponsibleforexportcustomsformalitieswhilebuyerisresponsibleforimportcustomsformalities.c.Buyerisresponsibleforunloadingthegoodsattheportofdestination.d.Allthreetermscanonlybeusedforwaterwaytransportation.Differences:a.FOBrequiresthebuyertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportation;CFRrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportation;CIFrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportationandinsuranceagainstthebuyer’srisk.4.Whatarethetwotypesoftradetermsconcerningthetransferofrisks?答：Shipmentcontracttermsvs.arrivalcontractterms.Undershipmentcontracttermsseller’sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerbeforethegoodsdepartfromtheplace/portofshipment.Underarrivalcontracttermssellerwillbeartheriskofthegoodsuntilthegoodsarrivethedestination.5.WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCPTandCFR?答：Majorsimilarities:a.sellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Sellerisnottakingtheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation.Difference:a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforwaterwaytransport.b.UnderCPTseller’sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarriernominatedbyseller.UnderCFRseller’sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodspassovertheship’srail.6.WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCIPandCIF?答：Majorsimilarities:a.sellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Sellerisnottakingtheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation.c.Sellermustobtaininsuranceagainstbuyer’srisk.Difference:a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforwaterwaytransport.b.UnderCPTseller’sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarriernominatedbyseller.UnderCFRseller’sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodspassovertheship’srail.7.IfyoutradewithanAmerican,isthesalescontractsubjecttoIncotermswithoutanydoubt?Whatshouldyoudo?答：No.TheRevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941isstillinuse,especiallyamongtheNorthAmericanarea.Ithasdifferentinterpretationaboutsometradeterms.Thetradersshouldclarifythechoiceofrulesbeforeanyfurtherdiscussion.8.Whatarethemostcommonlyusedtradeterms?答：FOB,CFR&CIF.9.WhoisresponsibleforcarryingoutcustomsformalitiesforexportsunderanFOBcontract?答：Seller.AccordingtoIncoterms2000,exceptEXWandDDPthesetwoterms,alltheothereleventermsrequirethesellertohandletheexportcustomsformalities,whilebuyertheimportcustomsformalities.10.IfaChinesetradersignsaFOBHamburgcontract,isheexportingorimporting?答：Importing.FOBshouldbeusedwitha“namedportofshipment”,ifHamburgistheportofshipment,fromtheChinesetrader’sperspective,heisimporting.V．CaseStudies1.AnFOBcontractstipulated,TheshipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2008.Ifthevesselfailstoarriveattheportofshipmentontime,theselleragreestosetasidethegoodsforadditional27days,andthebuyerwillbearallcostsofdelay.itturnedoutthatundertheseller'srepeatedrequests,thevesselnamedbythebuyerfinallyarrivedattheportofshipmentonMay1.Asaresult,thesellerrefusedtomaketheshipment.(1)Wasthesellerentitledtocompensationforthewarehouserent,insuranceandinterestduetothedelay?(2)IfthesellerhadsoldthegoodstoathirdpartyonApril25,shouldthebuyerpayforthedelay?(3)IfthesellerhadsoldthegoodstoathirdpartyonMay1withabetterprice,washeentitledtoanycompensation?析：a案例中提到“shipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2008”,这种确定装运时间的方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。也即是说，装运的最后期限为08年3月31日。b文中提到的“additional27days”,根据合同卖方同意在买方船期延误的情况下为其将货物保留到4月27日。（1）答案：Yes。答题切入点：aFOB术语关于双方费用划分的规定；b合同本身的条款规定。（2）答案：No。答题切入点：合同本身的条款规定。（3）这题与第一题相比，不同的一点在于“withabetterprice”。解答时应对这一点进行分析：在卖方卖出货物获得更高利润的情况下，他是否还应获得相关赔偿？答案：Yes。答题切入点：合同本身的条款规定。2.AcontracttosellgrainusedaCFRterm.ThegrainwasofficiallycertifiedasGradeOneatthetimeofbeingdeliveredonboardattheportofshipment.Aftermakingtheshipment,thesellergavethebuyertimelynotice.However,duetothelongvoyage,somegrainwentbad.Atthedestination,thegraincouldonlybesoldasGrade3.Consequently,thebuyerclaimedcompensationforthedamage.Shouldthesellerpay?析：a货物在装运港已经“officiallycertifiedasGradeOne”，这就说明货物的质量是合格的，而且是经官方确认的。b文中提到“duetolongvoyage”这说明货物变质的原因是由于运输时间长。答案：No。答题切入点：a货物变质的原因；bCFR术语下风险转移的情况。3.UnderaCIFcontract,thegoodshadbeenloadedonboardthevesselaccordingtothetermsofthecontract.Thenthevesseldeparted.Anhourlater,thevesselstruckarockandsunk.Thenextdaytheseller'sbankpresentedtheshippingdocuments,insurancepolicyandinvoicestothebuyer,anddemandedpayment.(1)Shouldthebuyerpay?(2)Whichpartywouldhavetotaketheloss?析：本题的关键疑问在于买方明知货物已全部损失，不可能再收到货物，是否还应支付货款。这是考察对“symbolicdelivery”这个概念的理解。在CIF术语下，卖方交货时买方并没有真正收到货物，卖方的交货是通过货交承运人并获得相关单据（尤其是物权凭证）来实现的。而相应的，买方必须接受交货，也就是买方必须接受卖方提供的相应单据并履行相关支付的义务。（1）答案：Yes.答题切入点：a卖方履行其义务的情况；bCIF术语对双方交货、领受货物的规定；c解释“symbolicdelivery”在这里的应用。（2）答案：Buyer。答题切入点：CIF术语下风险转移的情况。由于本章主要讨论贸易术语的应用，关注的主要是买、卖双方。如果答案是保险公司，则要求说明损失的风险首先是由买方承担的，在风险属于保险公司承保范围内的情况下，保险公司会对买方进行部分或全部的赔