chapter-1(1)-英语语言学-第一章.

《语言学教程》Chapter1：InvitationstoLinguisticsAStoryaboutMarkTwain马克·吐温在一次酒会上答记者问时说：“某些国会议员是狗娘养的。”记者将他的话公诸于众，华盛顿的议员们一定要马克·吐温在报上登个启事，赔礼道歉。于是，马克·吐温写了这样一张启事：“以前鄙人在酒席上发言，说某些国会议员是狗娘养的，我再三考虑，觉得此言不妥，而且不合事实，特登报声明，把我的话修改成：某些国会议员不是狗娘养的。Story在繁华的巴黎大街的街头，有一位盲老人在乞讨，他的身边立着一块牌子，上面写道“我什么也看不见！”，但是没有人帮助他。法国著名诗人让·比浩勒在牌子上添加了“春天到了，可是”几个字，组成了“春天到了，可是我什么也看不见！”这打动人心、富有诗意的语句。结果，巴黎街头的行人变了，他们从开始对盲老人冷漠无情，到后来热情相助。ASketchoftheCourseChapter1:generalintroductionstolanguageandlinguisticsChapter2-5:internallevelsandrelationshipsoflanguageSounds…………….Phonemes(phonetics&phonology)Lexicon……………Words(morphology)Syntax…………….Sentences(syntax)Meaning………….Message(semantics)Chapter6-11:externalrelationshipsoflanguageLanguageandmind…………….PsycholinguisticsLanguageandsociety…………..SociolinguisticsLanguageandcontext………….PragmaticsLanguageandliterature………...StylisticsLanguageandcomputer..............ComputationalLinguisticsLanguageandForeignLanguageTeaching.......AppliedLinguisticsChapter12:ABriefHistoryofLinguisticsHowtolearnthecourse?1.Prepareforeachclass.Readwhatyouwilllearn.2.Reviewwhatyoulearned.Havethetermsanddefinitionsinmind.3.Readtherelevantmaterialsforfurtherunderstanding.Requirements课程实践环节及基本要求学生需完成一定量的课后练习和补充阅读，并要求完成一篇课程论文。考核方式及其要求该课程的测试形式为闭卷笔试。试题结构为客观题占60%左右，主观试题占40%左右。其中概念部分占40%左右，语言分析占30左右，问题回答和论述占30%左右。期末成绩计算方法attendanceandperformance:10%coursepaper:20%finalexam:70%BooksforReference《现代语言学简明教程》梅德明编著，上海外语教育出版社。《新编语言学教程》刘润清，文旭编著，外语教学与研究出版社。1Whystudylanguage?Languageissuchanintegralpartofourlifeandhumanitythattoomuchaboutithasbeentakenforgranted.Forsomepeople,languagemaynotevenbeaworthysubjectforacademicstudy.1.1SomemythsaboutlanguageLanguageisonlyameansofcommunication.Languagehasaform-meaningcorrespondence.Thefunctionoflanguageistoexchangeinformation.EnglishismoredifficulttolearnthanChinese.BlackEnglishisnotstandardandshouldbereformed.1.2SomefundamentalviewsaboutLanguageChildrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficientlyandwithoutinstruction.Languageoperatesbyrules.Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystem,asystemoflexicogrammarandasystemofsemantics.Everyonespeaksadialect.Languageslowlychanges.Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstylesandasetofjargons.Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem.Writingisderivativeofspeech.1.3Whystudylanguage?Whenwestudyhumanlanguage,weareapproachingwhatsomemightcallthe“humanessence”,thedistinctivequalitiesofmindthatare,sofarasweknow,uniquetoman.---NoamChomsky,LanguageandMindWefindthesubjectoflanguageintriguingandusefulformanydifferentreasons.Languagecanbeusedasawayoffindingoutmoreabouthowthebrainworks,howdamagetothebrainresultsincertainkindoflanguagedisorders,howchildrenlearnlanguage,howpeoplelearnandteachdifferentlanguages,whypeopleusedifferentvarietiesoflanguage,whytherearelinguisticdifferencesbetweendifferentgroups,andhowscientistsmakethecomputerworkinamorehuman-likemanner.…Westudylanguagebecauselanguageplaysacentralroleinourlivesasindividualsandsocialbeings.Ifwearenotfullyawareofthenatureandmechanismofourlanguage,wewillbeignorantofwhatconstitutesouressentialhumanity.Theunderstandingoflanguageshouldnotbeconfinedtolinguistsasitisavitalhumanresourcethatallofusshare.Thiscoursebookwillserveasastartingpointfromwhichyoumaygoonresearchinginoneoftheaboveandotherlanguage-relatedfields.2Whatislanguage?2.1DefinitionsoflanguageModernlinguistshaveproposedvariousdefinitionsoflanguage.Let’sexaminetwoofthem.Languageisatoolforhumancommunication.Languageisasetofrules.Linguiststendtoprovidedefinitionsoflanguagefromtheirowntheoreticalperspectives.Toputittheotherwayround,thewayalinguistdefineslanguageindicatesthetheoreticalperspectivethatthelinguisttakes.Definitionoflanguage:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.①languageisasystem:elementsinlanguagearearrangedaccordingtorules.Theelementscannotbeproducedandcombinedatrandom.Ifso,languagecannotbeusedandlearnedconsistently.②languageisarbitraryandsymbolic.Thereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthething.Itissymbolicinthatlinguisticelementsaresymbolsorsigns,notobjects,actionsorthings,buttheyareassociatedwithobjectsoractions.Book书ほん③vocal:theprimarymediumissoundforalllanguages,nomatterhowwelldevelopedaretheirwritingsystems.Allevidenceshowsthatwritingsystemcamemuchlaterthanthespokenforms.Thefactthatchildrenacquirespokenlanguagefirstbeforetheycanreadorwritealsoindicatesthatlanguageisprimarilyvocal.④languageisusedforhumancommunication.Itishuman-specific.Languagelearningandusearedeterminedbytheinterventionofbiological,cognitive,psychologicalandenvironmentalfactors.Animalshavenoabilitiestolearntousehumanlanguage.2.2DesignfeaturesDesignfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Thewell-knownphilosopherBertrandRussellonceobservedsomethingtotheeffect---“Nomatterhoweloquentlyadogmaybark,hecannottellyouthathisparentswerepoorbuthonest.”2.2.1Arbitrariness:therearenodirectorintrinsiclinksbetweenformandmeaningorbetweenthesignalandthemess