Topic-5-How-to-Write-an-Outline论文提纲怎么写

Topic5HowtoWriteanOutlineforResearchPaperWhenyoubuildahouseyoushouldhaveagroundplanfirstandanoutlineisyourgroundplanfor“building”yourresearchpaper.论文提纲的编写是论文写作过程中基本的十分重要的一步,是在论文写作之前对全文的整体构思,它帮助我们大致确定论文的基本结构和各部分之间的逻辑关系。因此，它是一种尝试性的构建论文框架的过程。I.ThedefinitionandfunctionofanoutlineII.TheprocedureofpreparinganoutlineIII.ThegeneralcontentsofanoutlineIV.TheprinciplesforwritinganoutlineWhatisanoutline?Anoutlineisabasicwritingplanwhichconsistsofaseriesofphrasesorsentencesandshowsthemainpointsthatthepaperwillcoverandtheorderinwhichthesepointswillbementioned.Whatisthefunctionofanoutline?Anoutlinegivesthewriteraspecificguidanceastowhatkindofsupportingdetailsyoushouldlookforinyourfurtherresearchandwhereyoucanfitthemintothecontextofyourpaper.Thereaders,ontheotherhand,benefitfromtheoutlineasacompleteanddetailedtableofcontents.II.TheprocedureofpreparinganoutlineA.Havingasatisfactorythesisstatement;B.Reviewingallyournotecardsandbringingrelatedmaterialstogetherundersomegeneralheadings;C.Arrangingtheseheadingsaccordingtothedevelopmentofyourthought;D.Formingalogicalpreliminaryoutline;E.Discussingyourpreliminaryoutlinewithyouradvisor.Whatisathesisstatement?（主题陈述）•Athesisstatementisusuallyasinglesentencethatwillgiveyouacentralfocusfororganizationofyourpaper.•Athesisstatementisusuallyputinfrontofyouroutlineinadeclarativeformthatsummarizesthecentralideaofthepaperyouwillwrite.SamplesofthesisstatementSample1Topic:PairworkDesignandLearners’InterestThesisstatement:Learners’interestinpairworkisincreasedbywelldesignedpairworkexercises.Sample2Topic:NaturalisminDreiser’sSisterCarrieThesisstatement:Influencedbynaturalism,SisterCarrietypicallyreflectsDreiser’sviewofnatureandmaninthesocialenvironmentofhistime.III.ThegeneralcontentsofanoutlineA.Twomajorformatsofoutline;B.TwomajortypesofoutlineWhatarethetwomajorformatsofoutline?•Thestandardoutlinesystem•ThedecimaloutlinesystemSampleofthestandardsystemI.Thetworeasonsfor…A.Thefirstreason…1.Thewomen…a.Theywould…(1)Thetime…(a)Thetechnology…(b)Thepublic…(2)Theplace…b.Theycould…2.Themen…B.Thesecondreason…II.Thereasonsagainst…Sampleofthedecimalsystem1.Thetworeasonsfor…1.1Thefirstreason…1.1.1Thewomen…1.1.1.1Theywould…1.1.1.2Theycould…1.1.2Themen…1.2Thesecondreason…2.Thereasonsagainst…Wheypreparingyouroutlineformat,youshouldpayattentionto2points:1.Numbering;2.IndentationWhatarethetwomajortypesofoutline?•Topicoutline（主题式提纲）•Sentenceoutline（句子式提纲）TopicOutlineInatopicoutline,eachheadingandsubheadingisawordoraphrase,butoftenonlyshortphrasesthroughout,whichtakeslesstimeandspace.SentenceOutlineInasentenceoutline,eachheadingandsubheadingisacompletesentence,whichhasgreaterclarityandprecision.SampleofatopicoutlineRasputin’sOtherSideThesisstatement:Aftersixdecadesofbeingjudgedademonicallibertine,Rasputinnowdeservestobeviewedfromanotherpointofview-asamanwhowasintenselyreligious,whopassionatelydesiredpeace,andwhodeeplydevotedtohisfamilyandfriends.I.TheambiguityoftherealRasputinA.HisbirthB.Popularhistoricalview1.Hissupporters2.HisdetractorsII.Rasputin’sreligiousfeelingsA.HisrichnatureB.HissimplepeasantfaithIII.Rasputin’sdesireforpeaceinRussiaA….B.…SampleofasentenceoutlineThesisstatement:(同上）I.TherealRasputinisdifficulttodiscover.A.ThebirthofRasputincoincidedwitha“shootingstar”.B.ThepopularhistoricalviewofRasputinportrayshimasprimarilyevil.1.Supporterscalledhimaspiritualleader.2.Detractorscalledhimasatyr.II.Rasputinhadintensereligiousfeelings.A.Hehadarichnature.B.HehadasimplepeasantfaithinGod.III.Rasputin’spassionatedesireforpeaceinRussiarevealeditselfinseveralways.A.…B.…IV.TheprinciplesforwritinganoutlineA.Theremustbeatleastthreelayersofdevelopmentinyouroutline:thethesisstatement,theheadingsandthesubheadingsandalwaysbeginyouroutlinewithathesisstatement;B.Alltheheadingsatthesamelevelshouldbeinparallelform(i.e.inthesamegrammaticalstructure);C.Noheadingorsubheadingcanstayalone;D.Nevergetatopicoutlinemixedwithasentenceoutline.ExerciseofOutlineWritingDirection:Belowisapartofanoutlinefromastudent’spaper.Readthefollowingheadingscarefullyandtrytofindwhat’swrongwiththemandthencorrectthemistakes.Ⅰ.HowtoreviewwithaclassmateA.DecidingwhatismostimportantB.FindingrelationshipofmostimportantpointsC.QuestioningeachotherandverifyanswersD.ClassnotesⅡ.WhatdoyouconsulttheteacherinaninterviewA….B….Questionstobediscussed:•Whatisanoutlineandwhydowehavetoprepareanoutlineforaresearchpaper?•Whyisathesisstatementimportantforoutlinewriting?•Whatarethetwobasictypesofoutline?•Whataretheprinciplesforwritinganoutline?ASampleofOutlineTitle:FrenchRevolutioninATaleofTwoCitiesThesisStatement:AnanalysisofCharlesDickens’ATaleofTwoCitiesagainstthebackgroundoftheFrenchRevolutionhelpsdeepenthereader’sunderstandingofthenovel.Outline:I.AgeneralintroductiontotheauthorCharlesDickensA.HisfamilyB.HiseducationC.HiswaytosuccessD.HisworksII.AglimpseofATaleofTwoCitiesA.gistofnovelB.LiteraryinformationIII.TheFrenchRevolutionA.CausesoftheRevolutionB.AnoverviewoftherevolutionIV.RevolutioninATaleofTwoCitiesA.ContemporaryreceptionofthenovelB.FranceandEnglandinthenovelC.Vi