药物不良反应杂志2007年12月第9卷第6期 ADRJ,December,2007,Vol9.No.6 ··都丽萍 梅丹 (,100730) 药源性血小板减少症是指药物使血小板计数低于正常范围(100×109/L)引致出血等症状的疾病。药源性血小板减少症按发病机制至少有以下3种:骨髓抑制性、免疫性及非免疫性的血小板减少症。引致血小板减少症的常见药物有:肿瘤化疗药物、肝素、奎尼丁、奎宁、金盐、丙戊酸及抗菌药等。肿瘤化疗药物所致血小板减少症的发生率大体高于其他药物。药源性血小板减少症的体征和症状为皮肤瘀点、瘀斑、鼻出血和牙龈出血,严重者有消化道出血、血尿、阴道出血和颅内出血。药源性血小板减少症可选用以下方法治疗:停用可疑致病药物,给予泼尼松、免疫球蛋白及输注血小板,金盐或砷化物引起的血小板减少症可肌内注射二巯基丙醇以排出重金属离子。 药源性血小板减少症;发病机制;临床表现;治疗;预防 R972.2 : A : 1008-5734(2007)6-0414-06Drug-inducedthrombocytopenia:mechanism,clinicalpresentation,treatment,andpreven-tionDuLiping,MeiDan (DepartmentofPharmacy,PekingUnionMedicalCollegeHospital,ChineseAcademyofMedicalSciences,Beijing100730,China)ABSTRACT Drug-inducedthrombocytopeniaisdefinedasaplateletcountlowerthannormalrange(100×109/L)causedbyadrug,resultinginbleedingandsomerelatedsymptoms.Drug-inducedthrombocytopeniaincludesatleastthreemechanismssuchasmarrowsuppression,immunologicalandnon-immunologicalthrombocytopenia.Drugsthathavebeenmorecommonlyreportedtocausethrombocytopeniaincludecancerchemotherapyagents,heparin,quinidine,quinine,goldsalts,valproicacid,andantibacterials.Theincidenceofthrombocytopeniainducedbycancerchemotherapyagentsissubstantiallyhigherthanthatcausedbyothertypesofdrugs.Signsandsymptomsassociatedwithdrug-inducedthrombocytopeniaarepetechiae,ecchymosis,epistaxis,gingivalbleeding.Moresignificantbleedingsuchasgastrointestinalhemorrhage,hematauria,colporrhagia,andintracranialhemorrhagemayoccur.Treatmentoptionsfordrug-inducedthrombocytopeniaincludestoppingthesuspectedcausativeagent;administeringcorticosteroids,immunoglobulinorplatelettransfusions;goldsaltorarsenide-inducedthrombocytopeniacanbetreatedwithIMdimercaproltoeliminateheavymetals.KEYWORDS drug-inducedthrombocytopenia;mechanism;clinicalpresentation;treatmentandprevention (drug-inducedthrombocy-topenia,DITP)()。100×109/L,5.0×109/L[1]。DITP(marrowsuppressionthrombocytopenia),(immunologicalthyombocytopenia),(non-immunologicalthrombocyto-penia)。,,,,。:、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、,DITP、、、,DITP,。1 DITP。、,,DITP,1/10,、[2]。(1983-1991),-100·414·药物不良反应杂志2007年12月第9卷第6期 ADRJ,December,2007,Vol9.No.6 38,-26[3]。1%~6.5%[4]。(80×l09/L)0.2%,1/15000[5]。,25001[6]。,。,30%[6]。2 2.1 骨髓抑制性血小板减少症(、),,,。,,、、、。,,,、、、。2.2 免疫性血小板减少症,,,。:⑴。,,,,IgG(、、)IgM(、)。,(),,。[7,8],,,。⑵。[9,10],,,--,C3。、、。GPⅡb/Ⅲa,,Ⅱb/ⅢaGPⅡb/Ⅲa,,,,[11]。⑶。IgG,(GP)Ⅰb/ⅨGPⅡb/Ⅲa,,。、、、、。2.3 非免疫性血小板减少症。,。GPIbvonWillebrand(vWF),。-(GM-CSF)、(M-CSF)、-α(TNF-α)、-γ(INF-γ)、2(IL-2),,[12]。3 3.1 抗凝血药ⅠⅡ。Ⅰ,。Ⅱ,5~14d,。:,IV(PF4),H-PF4。,H-PF4(IgG)[13],FabH-PF4,FcFc,,,。3.2 抗肿瘤药物和免疫抑制剂(、、)(-CH2-)DNA,DNA,,;(、、)(),DNA,。、、、、·415·药物不良反应杂志2007年12月第9卷第6期 ADRJ,December,2007,Vol9.No.6 、、。3.3 抗菌药,4%[14]。,-,DNA,DNA。,,(CFU-M)[15]。,2。、、。、、、、。3.4 血小板抑制剂,。β3(IIIa),β3(),,,,。、、、、、、、,。3.5 利尿药、,[16]。,[17]。,。3.6 解热镇痛抗炎药,A2(TXA2),。、,、、。3.7 抗癫痫药,,。,、、。3.8 降血糖药,。,、。3.9 雌激素[18,19],,2,,,。。3.10 中药制剂(14×109~86×109/L)。(cAMP)[20]。[21-23],,,[24],。,,[25]。,10×109/L[26]。。3.11 疫苗:、、、、、、。3.12 其他药物、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、。4 4.1 发病时间、,,,1~2,。。24h7d,(),[1]。4.2 出血症状、,,、,、·416·药物不良反应杂志2007年12月第9卷第6期 ADRJ,December,2007,Vol9.No.6 ,。4.3 全身症状,,、、、、、、、、、。,。5 5.1 诊断(Uni-versityofOklahomaHealthSciencesCenter),[27]:⑴,;⑵,,;⑶;⑷。4,3,⑴,⑴。、,,(100×109/L),5×109/L。,DITP,DITP,。(ELISA)(FIA),。5.2 鉴别诊断。5.2.1 (idiopathicthrom-bocytopenicpurpura,ITP) DITPITP,ITP,。1~2DITP();DITP,ITP7~10d;(PLA-1),DITP。5.2.2 2:(1);(2)。,,,2~14d。。6 ⑴,,,,。⑵,。⑶、,。⑷DITP:DITP,DITP,1~7d,;。,、,5%~10%0.1~0.2g,1~22/d,1~2/d,7~10d。DITP1,,60mg/d,,-,1。,7~10d,。。、,IgG,50~400mg/(kg·d),5~7d,。,(,10×109)。,,。,:(danaparoid)、(lepiru-din)(argatroban)[28-32]、(fondaparinuxsodium)[33,34]。7 ,。。,,,,,,,。·417·药物不良反应杂志2007年12月第9卷第6期 ADRJ,December,2007,Vol9.No.6 ,,。[1] BeersMH.TheMerckManualofDiagnosisandTherapy[M].18thed.WhitehouseNJ:Merckresearchlaborato-ries,2006:1064-1070.[2] vandenBemtPM,MeyboomRH,EgbertsAC.Drug-in-ducedimmunethrombocytopenia[J].DrugSaf,2004,27(15):1243-1252.[3]KaufmanDW,KellyJP,JohannesCB,etal.Acutethrombocytopenicpurpurainrelationtotheuseofdrugs[J].Blood,1993,82(9):2714-2718.[4] GirolamiB,GirolamiA.Heparin-inducedthrombocytope-nia:areview[J].SeminThrombHemost,2006,32(8):803-809.[5] BalamuthusamyS,AroraR.Hematologicadverseeffectsofclopidogrel[J].AmJTher,2007,14(1):106-112.[6] AsterRH,BougieDW.Drug-inducedimmunethrombocy-topenia[J].NEnglJMed,2007,357(6):580-587.[7] ,,.32[J].,2006,21(3):157.[8] ,,.57[J].,2002,17(1):55.[9] ReillyRF.Thepathophysiologyofimmune-mediatedhepa-rin-inducedthrombocytopenia[J].SeminDial,2003,16(1):54-60.[10]ArepallyG,CinesDB.Pathogenesisofheparin-inducedthrombocytopeniaandthrombosis[J].AutoimmunRev,2002,1(3):125-132.[11]BougieDW,WilkerPR,WuitschickED,etal.Acutethrombocytopeniaaftertreatmentwithtirofibanoreptifi-batideisassociatedwithantibodiesspecificforligand-oc-cupiedGPIIb/IIIa[J].Blood,2002,100(6):2071-2076.[12]McCraeKR.Thrombocytopenia[M].NewYork:TaylorFrancisGroup,2006:147-148.[13]UntchB,AhmadS,JeskeWP,etal.Prevalence,iso-type,andfunctionalityofantiheparin-plateletfactor4an-tibodiesinpatientstreatedwithheparinandclinicallysus-pectedforheparin-inducedthrombocytopenia.Thepatho-genicro