辽大亚澳公司法期末考试必备材料

1.3SOLETRADERSThesimplestformofBusinessstructureisthesoletrader.Themeaningofasoletrader:asinglepersonundertakingabusinessactivityorenterpriseforprofit.TheFeaturesofaSoleTrader:LimitedlifeLimitedaccesstofinanceUnlimitedLiabilityFormation:issimpleandinexpensiveandmayrequirecompliancewiththefollowing:Section5-BusinessNamesAct1962ABN:AustralianBusinessNumberundertheGSTLegislation1.4ASSOCIATIONSPeopleinoursocietycometogetherinassociationsformanyandvariedreasons.Anassociationisabodyoftwoormorepersonscomingtogetherinanorganizationtopromoteeithersocialoreconomicgoalsorinterests.Associationsmayormaynotincludecarryingonbusinesswithaviewtomakingaprofit.Economicgoalsclearlyinvolveprofit-motivatedundertaking,whilesocialgoalsincludemanythingsrangingfromcultural,scientific,political,religioussportingandrecreationalendeavours.Associationshistoricallyhavebeenbothincorporatedandunincorporated.UntiltheC18thfavouredgroupsandassociationswereincorporatedorgivencorporatestatusattheprerogativeofthecrown.InthelateC18thandearlyC19thlegislationwasintroducedtoprohibitcertainassociationsforfearthatthesegroupswoulddisturbthepeace.Itwasinthosetimesthatitbecameacceptedthatpeoplehadfreedomtoassociate.Whilemanygroupsformedintounincorporatedassociationstheirlegalstatuswasinlimbo,becausewhiletheywerenotunlawfultheywerenotlegallyrecognised.Inshorttheyhadnolegalstatus.Itwasdifficulttousethelegalsystemagainsttheassociationsandatthesametimetheassociationscouldnotassertorexercisetheirrightswithinthelegalsystem.Thecommonlawpositionofunincorporatedassociationshaschangedverylittlesincetheirinitialdevelopment,saveforimposingsomeriskontheirofficers.Associationscanalsoincorporatebyregistrationundervariouslegislativeprovisions,includingtheAssociationsIncorporationAct1981(Vic)andotherstateequivalents.AssociationsmayalsoregisterasNon-profit,thatis,charitableCompaniesunderSect150(Companylimitedbyguarantee)oftheCorporationsAct2001.Apartnership(orfirm)bycontrast,isalsoanunincorporatedassociationbutunderthedefinitioninthePartnershipAct1958issetuptomakeaprofit.UnincorporatedAssociationsDefinitionofUnincorporatedAssociation:Thereareanumberofdefinitionsofassociationsthatcanequallyapplytoincorporatedaswellasunincorporatedassociations.TheVicAssociationsIncorporationAct1981Sect3definesassociationasassociation,society,club,institutionorbodyformedorcarriedonforanylawfulpurposeandhavingnotlessthan5members.Therearemoreexpansivedefinitionsintheequivalentstatelegislation,whichaddthefollowing,butnotforpecuniarygaintoitsmembers.YoucanconsultSievers,AssociationsLegislationinAustraliaandNewZealandforfurtherdiscussionondefinitions.TherearealsocommonlawdefinitionsandthesecanbefoundinWiseVsPerpetualTrusteesLtd[1903]AC139,whichdefinesaclub.LawtonLJinConservativeCentralOfficeVBurrell[1982]2AllER1definedUnincorporatedassociationas,twoormorepersonsboundtogetherforoneormorecommonpurposes,notbeingbusinesspurposes,bymutualundertakings,eachhavingmutualdutiesandundertakings,inanorganizationwhichhasruleswhichidentifyinwhomcontrolofitanditsfundsrestsandonwhattermsandwhichcanbejoinedorleftatwill.Thebondofunionbetweenthemembersofanunincorporatedassociationhastobecontractual.TheHCinCameronVHogan[1934]51CLR358definedanunincorporatedassociationasfollows;theyareforthemostpartbodiesofpersonswhohavecombinedtofurthersomecommonendorinterestwhichissocial,sporting,political,scientific,religious,artisticorhumanitarianincharacterorotherwisestandapartfromprivategainormaterialadvantage.TheLegalStatusofUnincorporatedAssociations:Unincorporatedassociationshavenolegalstatus,theyarelegalnon-entities,whichmeanstheseassociationshavenoseparatelegalexistenceintheeyesofthelaw.Theydonotexistseparatelyinlawfromtheirmembers,soontheformationofanassociationoraclub,itdoesnothaveanindependentexistence.Note:anumberofcasesrelevanttoAssociationscanbefoundinChapter9ofLatimerandothergeneralbusinesstexts.ActivityM1-RA1Cananunincorporatedassociationsignacontractorownproperty?Whyorwhynot?1.5JOINTVENTURESS.A.Williston,TreatiesontheLawofContractDefinitionofJointVenture:...anassociationofpersons,naturalorcorporate,whoagreebycontracttoengageinsomecommon,usuallyadhocundertakingforjointprofitbycombiningtheirrespectiveresourceswithout,however,formingapartnershipinthelegalsense,orcorporation;theirventureeachofwhomisbothprincipleandagentastotheotherswithinthescopeoftheventureoverwhicheachventurerexercisesomedegreeofcontrol.CorporationsRegulations:Reg7.6.01(7):Inthisregulation:BusinessJointVenturemeansacontractualagreementbetween2ormorepartiesforthepurposeofcarryingonabusinessundertaking.AlsoseeDefinitionofJointVentureat:-Section4JTradePracticesAct-ITAA–hasitsowndefinitionFormationandGoverningLaw:AJointVentureitselfisnotaseparatelegalentity.CharacteristicofaJointVenture:-Jointventuresholdpropertyinterestsastenantsincommon-Theirliabilityisseveral-Venturerscandisposeoftheirinterest(subjecttoagreement)whereasinPartnershippartnerscanonlyassigntheirinterest-ManagerappointedbyCo-venturerstoventure-Venturersnotagentsforeachother/Comparewith