被动语态语法知识系统归纳定义(1)英语的语态共有两种:主动语态和被动语态。(2)被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,一般来说,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。(3)被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式,过去分词部分不变。(4)疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。类型主动语态被动语态一般现在时①am\is\are②do/doesam\is\are+done一般将来时will\begoingto\be(about)to+dowill+be+done一般过去时①was\were②didwas\were+done现在进行时am\is\are+doingam\is\are+being+done过去进行时was\were+doingwas\were+being+done现在完成时have\has+donehave\has+been+done过去完成时had+donehad+been+done情态动词情态动词+V.情态动词+be+done过去将来时would/should+V.would/shouldbe+done一般类型1、一般现在时:主:Webelievehim.被:Heisbelievedbyus.2、一般过去时:主:Heboughthischildrensomepens.被:Somepenswereboughtforhischildrenbyhim.3、一般将来时:主:Everyonewillknowthetruthsoon.被:Thetruthwillbeknownbyeveryone.4、现在进行时:主动:TheworkersarerepairingthemainbuildingoftheNortheastEngineeringInstitute.被动:ThemainbuildingoftheNortheastEngineeringInstituteisbeingrepairedbytheworkers.5、过去进行时:主:Theywerecarryingthehurtplayer.被:Thehurtplayerwasbeingcarriedbythem.6、现在完成时:主:Hehasreceivedtheletter.被:Theletterhasbeenreceivedbyhim.7、过去完成时:主:Theyhadbuilttenbridges.被:Tenbridgeshadbeenbuiltbythem特殊类型1、疑问句和否定句的被动语态Whatkindofdeviceisneededtomakethecontrolsystemsimple?Mycarwasnotrepairedyesterday.2、含情态动词和助动词等的被动态带情态动词和助动词等的被动态如何处理比较复杂,要随新的主语来变化。主动:Weshallnotusethewashingmachineagain.被动:Thewashingmachinewillnotbeusedagain.主动:Weshalltakemoremeasurestopreventcorrosion.被动:Moremeasureswillbetakentopreventcorrosion.3.含情态动词的疑问句和否定句的被动语态Mustthisworkbedoneatonce?Shouldyourhomeworkbefinishedbeforesix?Whenmustthisworkbedone?Thisdustbinshouldn'tbeputhere.4、Itissaidthat+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It+be+过去分词+that从句”或“主语+be+过去分词+todosth.”。有:Itissaidthat…据说……Itisreportedthat…据报道……Itisbelievedthat…大家相信……Itishopedthat…大家希望……Itiswell-knownthat…众所周知……Itisthoughtthat…大家认为……Itissuggestedthat…据建议……主动语态变被动语态特殊句型1.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。Hegavemeabook.→Abookwasgiventomebyhim.Heshowedmeaticket.→Aticketwasshowntomebyhim.Myfatherboughtmeanewbike.→Anewbikewasboughtformebymyfather.2.一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。Wecan’tlaughathim.→Hecan’tbelaughedatbyus.Helistenstotheradioeveryday.→Theradioislistenedtobyhimeveryday.Thenurseistakingcareofthesickman.→Thesickmanisbeingtakencareofbythenurse.3.当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时,将宾语变为被动结构中的主语,其余不动。Someonecaughttheboysmokingacigarette.可改为Theboywascaughtsmokingacigarette.主动语态表示被动含义1、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义注意:主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征,而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。Thedoorwon'tlock.(指门本身有毛病)Thedoorwon'tbelocked.(指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因)(1)表示“发生、进行”(即多数的瞬间动词)的不及物动词和短语无被动语态,如:happen,last,takeplace,breakout,comeout,comeabout,cometrue,runout,giveout,turnout等以主动形式表示被动意义。(错)Theaccidentwashappenedlastweek.(对)Theaccidenthappenedlastweek.(2)英语中有很多动词如break,catch,clean,drive,lock,open,sell,read,write,wash等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时,常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。Thiskindofclothwasheswell.(3)系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel,sound,taste,look,feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.2.动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义(1)在need,want,require,bear等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。Thehouseneedsrepairing(toberepaired).这房子需要修理。(2)形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式;而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。Thepicture-bookiswellworthreading.(=Thepicture-bookisveryworthytoberead.)(3)动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。Ihavealotofthingstodothisafternoon.(todo与things是动宾关系,与I是主谓关系。)试比较:I’llgotothepostoffice.Doyouhavealettertobeposted?(此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)(4)在某些“形容词+不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时,这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important,impossible,pleasant,interesting等。例Thisproblemisdifficulttoworkout.(可看作toworkout省略了forme).(5)在too…to…结构中,不定式前面可加逻辑主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。Thisbookistooexpensive(forme)tobuy.(6)在therebe…句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物。例Thereisnotimetolose(tobelost).(用tolose可看成forustolose;用tobelost,谁losttime不明确。)3.介词in,on等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词。(1)“under+名词”结构,表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有:undercontrol(受控制),undertreatment(在治疗中),underrepair(在修理中),underdiscussion(在讨论中),underconstruction(在施工中)。Thebuildingisunderconstruction.(2)“beyond+名词”结构,“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。常见的有:beyondbelief(令人难以置信),beyondone’sreach(鞭长莫及),beyondone’scontrol(无法控制),beyondourhope.我们的成功始料不及。Therumourisbeyondbelief(=can’tbebelieved).(3)“above+名词”结构,表示“(品质、行为、能力等)超过……、高于……”。Hishonestcharacterisaboveallpraise.=Hishonestcharactercannotbepraisedenough.(4)“for+名词”结构,表示“适于……、为着……”。如:forsale(出售),forrent(出租)等。Thathouseisforsale.(=Thathouseistobesold).(5)“in+名词”结构,表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有:inprint(在印刷中),insight(在视野范围内),等。Thebookisnotyetinprint.(=isnotyetprinted)