Quintessence11★深部真菌感染√★流行现状★药敏解读★早期诊断技术★诊断策略★Systemicfungalinfections,SFI-真菌入侵血流,造成严重感染.-可以是条件致病真菌攻击免疫低下患者;也可以是特殊地理区域致病真菌引起的感染,如组织胞浆菌、青霉菌或球孢子菌.-异于表浅真菌感染,SFI可致命.深部真菌感染定义★SFI的发生--接触或吸入孢子,真菌在体内或体表过长--尤多见于免疫功能低下者深部真菌感染★SFI类别--念珠菌病Candidiasis最常见常源于patient’sownbody.口炎Thrush.肠炎Enteritis阴道炎Vaginitisheartvalves,urinarytract,eyes,orblood.--曲霉菌病Aspergillosis,肺炎常见,可侵犯肾脏、中枢深部真菌感染★SFI类别--隐球菌脑膜炎CryptococcalMeningitis大脑与脊髓发炎慢性脑膜炎--卡氏肺胞菌肺炎PCP:PneumocystisPneumonia,CausedbyPneumocystisjiroveci.--青霉菌病penicilliummarneffei深部真菌感染★SFI类别-芽生菌病Blastomycosis,alunginfectionthatmayspreadthroughthebloodstream;-球孢子菌病Coccidioidomycosis,alsoknownasSanJoaquinorvalleyfever;-毛霉菌病Mucormycosis,whichcandevelopintoaveryserious,life-threateninginfection;-组织胞浆菌病Histoplasmosis深部真菌感染★侵袭性真菌感染Invasivefungalinfections,IFI深部真菌感染★深部真菌感染★流行现状√★药敏解读★早期诊断技术★诊断策略念珠菌菌血症在成人ICU成为严重的问题1978:在院内菌血症第5位最常见的分离菌株AnnInternMed,89;91-1061999:在院内菌血症第4位最常见的分离的菌株CID,29;239-2442002:严重的真菌感染(第1)超过了其他细菌感染BioorgMedChem,10;1153-1170•白念珠菌(2957例)01002003004005006007008001999200020012002200320042005年代白念株菌例数•热带念珠菌(674例)0204060801001201401601801999200020012002200320042005年代热带念珠菌例数TTC-沙保培养基(SDA)热带念珠菌(紫色)•光滑念珠菌(647例)0204060801001201401601802001999200020012002200320042005年代光滑念珠菌例数•克柔念珠菌(154例)05101520253035401999200020012002200320042005年代克柔念珠菌例数•烟曲霉(342例)0204060801001201401601999200020012002200320042005年代烟曲霉例数•黄曲霉(165例)01020304050607080901999200020012002200320042005年代黄曲霉例数cal35%cgl8%ctr21%cpa16%clu1%cgu3%cne6%ckr2%csp5%mou3%calcglctrcpaclucgucneckrcspmou血液标本分离的真菌构成情况226例cal17%cgl3%ctr7%cpa3%cne49%mou21%calcglctrcpacnemou脑脊液标本分离的真菌构成情况29例cal63%cgl16%ctr8%csp8%mou5%calcglctrcspmou泌尿生殖道标本分离的真菌构成情况790例cal41%cgl9%ctr11%ckr2%csp7%yea1%afu6%afl3%asp3%pen7%mou10%calcglctrckrcspyeaafuaflasppenmou呼吸道标本分离的真菌构成情况4987例肺泡灌洗液标本分离的真菌构成情况cal26%cgl7%ctr4%csp7%afu13%afl4%asp7%pen14%mou18%calcglctrcspafuaflasppenmou126例隐球菌脑膜炎与禽鸟的关系•53例均为散发,发病前有养鸽、养鸟、或养鸡史及家禽接触史者有30例•占发病总数的51.51%•其余23例病人与禽鸟类无明显接触史。刘巧吕晓菊等中国感染与化疗杂志2007;7(1):56★深部真菌感染★流行现状★药敏解读√★早期诊断技术★诊断策略作用于细胞膜的抗真菌药物Cellmembrane•Polyeneantibiotics-AmphotericinB,lipidformulations-Nystatin(topical)•Azoleantifungals-Ketoconazole-Itraconazole-Fluconazole-Voriconazole-Posaconazole-Miconazole,clotrimazole(andothertopicals)影响细胞壁、核酸合成的抗真菌药物Cellmembrane•Polyeneantibiotics-AMBNST•Azoleantifungals-FCZITRVRZKCZMCZDNA/RNAsynthesis•PyrimidineanaloguesFlucytosineCellwall(New)•Echinocandins-Caspofunginacetate(Cancidas)-Micafungin真菌天然耐药氟康唑克柔念Candidakrusei光滑念Candidaglabrata曲霉菌毛霉菌荚膜组织胞浆菌依曲康唑毛霉菌伏立康唑接合菌(Zygomycetes)卡泊芬净新型隐球菌两性霉素B土曲霉菌葡萄牙念珠菌、枝顶孢霉、尖端赛多孢、足分支霉、白吉利毛孢子菌后天耐药氟康唑非白念依曲康唑?伏立康唑?卡泊芬净?医学重要的酵母菌分类SegalB,BowEJ,MenichettiF:InfectDisClinNAm2002;16:935-64条件致病的酵母菌念珠菌属非念珠菌属白念珠菌非白念珠菌热带念珠菌近平滑念珠菌光滑念珠菌克柔念珠菌季也蒙念珠菌葡萄牙念珠菌隐球菌属新型隐球菌毛孢子菌属白吉利毛孢子菌头形毛孢子菌酵母属酿酒酵母红酵母属主要念珠菌白色念珠菌C.Albicans热带念珠菌C.Tropicalis光滑念珠菌C.glabrata克柔念珠菌C.Krusei近平滑念珠菌C.Parasilosis葡萄牙念珠菌C.lusitaniae都柏林念珠菌C.dubliniensis季也蒙念珠菌C.guilliermondii乳酒念珠菌C.Kefyr氟康唑5-氟胞嘧啶伊曲康唑#两性霉素B*伏立康唑@S840.1250.51SDD16-32-0.25-0.5-2I-8-16--R6432114NCCLSM27-A1997抗真菌药物对酵母菌的MIC判定折点(ug/ml)#粘膜中酵母菌;*非NCCLS标准;@CLSI未公布对念珠菌的折点纸片扩散法敏感试验的判定标准氟康唑对酵母菌NCCLSM44-P.2003mm伏立康唑对念珠菌CLSI未公布mmS:敏感1917SDD:剂量依赖敏感15-1814-16R:耐药1413S=SusceptibleSDD=Susceptible-DoseDependentR=Resistant全球氟康唑对Candidaglabrata的敏感性FlucoSusceptibilityofC.glabrata(%)RegionSitesIsolatesC.glabrata(%ofTotal)SS-DDRAsia-Pacific1744110.278222LatinAmerica185607.571209Europe4077512.961363Canada862320.172226U.S.A.167368518.358339PfallerMA,ISHAM,2003常见念珠菌体外敏感性评估S=敏感S-DD=剂量依赖敏感I=中介R=耐药PappasPGetal,ClinInfectDis2004;38:161-89;BartizalKetal,AntimicrobAgentsChemother1997;41:2326-32;PattersonTF.JChemother1999;11:504-12;PfallerMAetal,AntimicrobAgentsChemother2002;46:1723-7;PfallerMAetal,JClinMicrobiol2002;40:852-6菌株氟康唑伊曲康唑两性霉素伏立康唑Posa卡泊芬净白念珠菌SSSSSS热带念珠菌SSSSSS近平滑念珠菌SSSSSS/I?都伯林念珠菌S/S-DDSS/IS/S-DDS/S-DDS光滑念珠菌S-DD/RS-DD/RS/IS/S-DDS/S-DDS克柔念珠菌RS-DD/RSSSS葡萄牙念珠菌SSS/RSSS真菌室培养阳性率最高的丝状真菌•曲霉菌属:185种,约20种被报道过,其中烟曲霉、黄曲霉是常见的致病菌•可从痰、支气管灌洗液、血、脑脊液、角膜刮出物、外耳道、鼻窦、腹膜液、玻璃体中分离到常见的致病曲霉种•烟曲霉(A.fumigatus)•黄曲霉(A.flavus)•构巢曲霉(A.nidulans)•黑曲霉(A.niger)•土曲霉(A.terreus)•棒曲霉(A.clavatus)•杂色曲霉(A.vewsicolor)曲霉的药敏感试验与临床疗效•Aspergillusspp,from29patientswithIA–黄曲霉A.flavus41%–土曲霉A.terreus31%–烟曲霉A.fumigatus28%•A.terreusMICwasconsistentlyhigh•PtswithisolateswithMIC2mg/Lsurvived•22/23withMIC2ug/mldiedLassFlorIC,JAC19982004-2005.7北京协和医院分离的82株丝状真菌的种属%Organism#Isol.(%)烟曲霉Aspergillusfumigatus2834黄曲霉Aspergillusflavus1822黑曲霉Aspergillusniger911拟青霉属Paecilomycessp.56构巢曲霉Aspergillusnidulans45土曲霉Aspergillusterreus45黄柄曲霉Aspergillusflavipes22灰绿曲霉Aspergillusglaucus11杂色曲霉Aspergillusversicolor11曲霉属Aspergillussp.22枝顶孢霉属Acremonium(Cephalo.)sp.11串株镰刀霉Fusariummonoliforme11茄病镰刀霉Fusariumsolani11好食丛梗孢Moniliasitophila11马尔尼菲青霉Penicilliummarneffei11根霉属Rhizopussp.11尖端赛多孢Scedosporiumapiospermum11多育赛多孢Scedosporiumprolificum(inflatum)11土曲霉Etest试验结果土曲霉Aspergillusfumigatus-MicroscopicMorphology,100xLactophenolcottonblue(单列)分生孢子头、分生孢子梗、顶囊、瓶梗、分生孢子28株烟曲霉的体外敏感性28株烟曲霉的体外敏感性Aspergillusflavus-MicroscopicMorphology,100xLactophenolcottonblue(二列为主)分生孢子头、分生孢子梗、顶囊、瓶梗、梗基、分生孢子18株黄曲霉的体外敏感性18株黄曲霉的体