英语句子成分及基本结构(一)句子成分的定义构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语。句子成分意义充当词类例句主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事名,代,数,不定式,动名词,短语或句子WestudyinHuangQiaoMiddleSchool.谓语说明主语做什么,是什么或怎么样动词或动词词组Sheisdancingunderthetree.宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语BothofuslikeEnglish.表语与联系动词连用,一起构成谓语,说明主语的性质或特征同主语、形容词Herfatherisachemist.Hiswordssoundreasonable.定语用来修饰名词或代词形,代,数,名,副,介词短语或句子Wehaveeightlessonseveryday.状语修饰动词,形容词,副词,表示动作发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,方式,结果等副词,介词短语或句子Heworksveryhard.TheyheldapartyinHollywood.宾语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词,名词,介词短语等Shealwayskeepsthehouseclean.主语谓语是基础,宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数,动词作谓不可无!(二)句子的具体成分1)主语(subject)它是句子所要说明的人或事物,是一句的主体,一般位于句首。如IstudyEnglish(我学习英语)中的。I㈠主语(subject)句子说明的人或事物•Janeisgoodatplayingthepiano.•Shewentoutinahurry.•Fourplusfouriseight.•Toseeistobelieve.•Smokingisbadforhealth.•Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.•Whathehassaidistrue.(名词)(代词)(数词)(不定式)(动名词)(名词化的形容词(句子)找出句中主语Thesunrisesintheeast.Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.Thepoorarenowlivingintheshelter.Seeingisbelieving.Toseeistobelieve.Helikesdancing.Whatheneedsisabook.Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.(名词)(代词)(数词)(动名词)(不定式)(句子)(名词化的形容词)(It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)谓语(predicate)谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。如IstudyEnglish中的。动词或动词词组在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。study㈡谓语说明主语的动作、状态和特征•简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成•Isawtheflagonthetopofthehill?•Helookedaftertwoorphans.•复合谓语由情态动词或助动词+动词;•HecanspeakEnglishwell.•Shedoesn’tseemtolikedancing表语(predicative)3)表语(predicative)它是放在连系动词之后表示主语的身分或特征的,如Iamastudent(我是一个学生)中的;Ourclassroomisclean(我们的教室很干净)中的。studentclean系动词1)状态系动词(be动词)例如:Heisateacher.(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)2)持续系动词keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand例如:Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.他开会时总保持沉默。3)表像系动词seem,appear,look,例如:Helookstired.他看起来很累。4)感官系动词feel,smell,sound,taste例如:Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.这种布手感很软。注意:系动词不用于被动语态.5)变化系动词become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如:Hebecamemadafterthat.自那之后,他疯了。6)终止系动词prove,turnout,表达“证实”,“变成”之意例如:Therumorprovedfalse.这谣言证实有假。宾语(object)宾语表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。如IstudyEnglish中的。Theylikelisteningtomusic.(他们喜欢听音乐)中的。EnglishmusicShowyourpassport,please.Shedidn'tsayanything.Howmanydoyouwant?-Iwanttwo.Theysenttheinjuredtohospital.Theyaskedtoseemypassport.Ienjoyworkingwithyou.Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?(名词)(代词)(数词)(名词化的形容词)(三)宾语动作的对象或承受者——及物动词或介词的宾语(不定式)(动名词)(句子)定语(attributive)修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。如Helikestodrinkcoldmilk(他喜欢喝冷牛奶)中的。cold(五)定语修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句•Heisacleverboy.•Hisfatherworksinasteelwork.•Thereare47studentsinourclass.•Doyouknownbetty’ssister?•Heboughtsomesleepingpills.•Hisspokenlanguageisgood.(形容词)(名词)(数词)(名词的所有格)(动名词)(过去分词)定语后置:如果定语是由一个单词表示时,通常要前置。而由一个词组或一个句子表示时,通常则后置Thegirlinredishissister.Wehavealotofworktodo.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.Doyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow?(定语从句)状语(adverbial)修饰动词,形容词,副词,表示动作发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,方式,结果等充当词类:副词,介词短语或句子(六)状语状语的功用:状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。•Iwillbebackinawhile.•Theyareplayingontheplayground.•Hewaslatebecausehegotuplate.•Hegotupsolatethathemissedthetrain.•Iwaitedtoseeyou.•Heoftenwenttoschoolbybus.•Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.•Pleasecallmeifitisnecessary.•Thisbookisveryinteresting.•Hewenttoschoolinspiteofhisillness.宾语补足语(complementofobject)补充说明宾语的动作或状态。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。•Ifoundthebookinteresting.•Doyousmellsomethingburning?•Hemadehimselfknowntothem.(六)宾语补足语有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补足语,说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足,使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有:make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let.•Sheaskedmetolendherahand.同位语位于名词或代词后面,说明它们的性质和情况Weyoungpeopleshouldrespecttheold.Hehimselfwilldotheexperiment.Heistheoldestamongthemfour.Hetoldmethenewsthatourteamwonthegame.名词代词数词从句名词代词数词从句ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.↓主语↓谓语↓定语↓宾语↓同位语↓状语简单句的五种基本句型1.主语+不及物动词:(SV)她来了。铃声响了。2主语+系动词+表语(SVC)他是个学生。Heisastudent.他的脸变红了。Hisfaceturnedred.苹果尝起来很甜。Theappletastessweet.士兵保持静止不动。Thesoldierkeepsstill.3.主语+及物动词+宾语(SVO)•Mike吃了三个苹果。•她画了一幅漂亮的画。•Shedrewabeautifulpicture.Mikeatethreeapples.•常带双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的动词(分为A、B两类)A:动词后加togive给show给……看send寄,打电报bring带……read读……pass递给……lend借给……leave留给……hand交给……tell告诉……return把……还给…write给……写信throw扔……4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)(SVIOO)(SVOiO)•B:动词后加formake生产,制造……buy买do做get得到play演奏order命令sing唱歌pay为……交钱•e.g.我父亲给我买了一本书。•Myfatherboughtmeabook.Myfatherboughtabookforme•他给了我一个苹果。•Hegavemeanapple.•Hegaveanappletome5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补)(SVOC)•Tommadethebabylaugh.Wemadehimourmonitor.•Ican’tmakemyselfunderstood.•Wewanttohavethedeskrepaired.分析句子结构1.Theyworkhard.2.Theflowerisdead.3.Plantsneedwater.4.Hegivesmesomeseeds.5.Weshouldkeeptheplantsintheshade.6.Manyanimalsliveintrees.7.Hegaveadictionarytome.8.ShallIleaveyouthecamera?9.Wefindthebookveryinteresting.10.Myuncleboughtmeane-dictionary.11.Singingmakesmehappy.1.Theyworkhard.2.Theflowerisdead.3.Plantsneedwater.4.Hegivesmesomeseeds.主+谓+间宾+直宾•5.Weshouldkeeptheplantsintheshade.主+谓+宾+宾补•6.Manyanimalsliveintrees.主+谓主+谓主+系+表主+谓+宾7.Hekeptmeadictionary.主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语8.ShallIleaveyouthecamera?主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语9.Wefindthebookveryinteresting.主+谓+宾+宾补10.Myuncleboughtmeane-dictionary.主+谓+间接宾语+直宾11.Singingmakesmehappy.主+谓+宾+宾补