制药工程专业英语翻译吴达俊

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Unit1ProductionofDrugsDependingontheirproductionororiginpharmaceuticalagentscanbesplitintothreegroups:I.Totallysyntheticmaterials(synthetics),Ⅱ.Naturalproducts,andⅢ.Productsfrompartialsyntheses(semi-syntheticproducts).TheemphasisofthepresentbookisonthemostimportantcompoundsofgroupsIandⅢ一thusDrugsynthesis.Thisdoesnotmean,however,thatnaturalproductsorotheragentsarelessimportant.Theycanserveasvaluableleadstructures,andtheyarefrequentlyneededasstartingmaterialsorasintermediatesforimportantsyntheticproducts.Table1givesanoverviewofthedifferentmethodsforobtainingpharmaceuticalagents.1单元生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类:1。完全(合成纤维)合成材料,Ⅱ。天然产物,和Ⅲ。产品从(半合成产品)的部分合成。本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。这并不意味着,但是,天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。它们可以作为有价值的领导结构,他们常常为原料,或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。表1给出了获取药剂的不同方法的概述。Table1PossibilitiesforthepreparationofdrugsMethodsExamples1.Totalsynthesis-over75%ofallpharmaceuticalagents(synthetics)2.Isolationfromnaturalsources(naturalproducts):2.Plants-alkaloids;enzymes;heartglycosides;polysaccharides;tocopherol;steroidprecursors(diosgenin,sitosterin);citral(intermediateproductforvitaminsA,E,andK)2.2Animalorgans一enzymes;peptidehormones;cholicacidfromgall;insulin)fromthepancreas;seraandvaccines2.3Othersources一cholesterolfromwooloils;L-aminoacidsfromkeratinandgelatinehydrolysates3.Fermentation一antibiotics;L-aminoacids;dextran;targetedmodificationsonsteroids,e.g.11-hydroxylation;alsoinsulin,interferon,antibodies,peptidehormones,enzymes,vaccines4.Partialsyntheticmodificationofnaturalproducts(semisyntheticagents)一alkaloidcompounds;semisynthetic/3-lactamantibiotics;steroids;humaninsulin表1对药物的可能性方法举例1。全合成,超过75%的药剂(合成纤维)2。分离(天然产物)天然来源:2.1植物-生物碱;酶;心甙,多糖,维生素E;类固醇前体(薯蓣皂素,sitosterin),柠檬醛(中间产品维生素A,E,K)2.2动物器官一酶;肽激素;胆酸从胆;胰岛素)从胰脏;血清疫苗2。从角蛋白和明胶L-氨基酸;三一胆固醇从羊毛油脂的其他来源水解3。一抗生素发酵;L-氨基酸,葡聚糖,对类固醇有针对性的修改,例如11-羟基化;也胰岛素,干扰素,抗体,肽激素,酶,疫苗4。部分合成修改(半合成剂)天然产品:一生物碱化合物;半合成/3-内酰胺类抗生素;类固醇;人胰岛素Severaltherapeuticallysignificantnaturalproductswhichwereoriginallyobtainedfromnaturalsourcesaretodaymoreeffectively-i.e.moreeconomically-prepared..bytotalsynthesis.SuchexamplesincludeL-aminoacids,Chloramphenicol,Caffeine,Dopamine,Epinephrine,Levodopa,peptidehormones,Prostaglandins,D-Penicillamine,Vincamine,andpracticallyallvitamins.其中几个重要的治疗作用最初是从天然产品天然来源获得更有效的今天,我。大肠杆菌更经济的准备..由全合成。这样的例子包括L-氨基酸,氯霉素,咖啡因,多巴胺,肾上腺素,左旋多巴,肽类激素,前列腺素,D-青霉胺,长春胺,以及几乎所有的维生素。Overthelastfewyearsfermentation-i.e.microbiologicalprocesseshasbecomeextremelyimportant.Throughmoderntechnologyandresultsfromgeneticselectionleadingtothecreationofhighperformancemutantsofmicroorganisms,fermentationhasalreadybecomethemethodofchoiceforawiderangeofsubstances.BothEukaryonts(yeastsandmoulds)andProkaryonts(singlebacterialcells,andactinomycetes)areusedmicroorganisms.Thefollowingproducttypescanbeobtained:1.cellmaterial(singlecellprotein),2.enzymes,3.primarydegradationproducts(primarymetabolites)4.secondarydegradationproducts(secondarymetabolites).在过去的几年里发酵-岛大肠杆菌微生物过程变得极其重要。通过现代技术和基因选择的结果导致了突变体的微生物创造高性能,发酵,已成为首选方法各种各样的物质。这两个Eukaryonts(酵母菌和霉菌)和Prokaryonts(单细胞细菌,放线菌和)用于微生物。下列产品类型可以得到:1。细胞的物质(单细胞蛋白),2。酶,3。主要降解产物(主要代谢物),4。二级降解产物(次生代谢物)。Disregardingtheproductionofdextranfromthemucousmembranesofcertainmicroorganisms,e.g.Leuconostocmesenteroides,classes2and3aretherelevantonesforthepreparationofdrugs.Dextranitself,withamolecularweightof50,000~100,000,isusedasabloodplasmasubstitute.AmongtheprimarymetabolitestheL-aminoacidsfrommutantsofCorynebacteriumglutamicumandBrevibacteriumflavumareespeciallyinteresting.Fromtheseorganismssome350,000tonesofmonosodiumL-glutamate(foodadditive)andsome70,000tonesofL-lysine(supplementforvegetableproteins)areproduced.Furtherimportantprimarymetabolitesarethepurinanucleotides,organicacids,lacticacid,citricacid,andvitamins,forexamplevitaminB,2fromPropionibacteriumshermanii.Amongthesecondarymetabolitestheantibioticsmustbementionedfirst.ThefollowingfivegroupsrepresentayearlyworldwidevalueofUS-$17billion:不顾来自某些微生物,大肠杆菌粘膜生产的葡聚糖克明串珠mesenteroides,2和3级是毒品有关的准备工作。葡聚糖本身5万〜10万分子量,是用作血浆代用品。其中主要来自谷氨酸棒杆菌代谢产物和黄色短杆菌突变体的L-氨基酸特别有趣。从这些味精约35万吨L-谷氨酸(食品添加剂)生物体和L-赖氨酸(用于植物蛋白补充)约70,000吨的生产。此外重要的初级代谢产物的普瑞纳核苷酸,有机酸,乳酸,柠檬酸和维生素,例如维生素B,从丙酸shermanii2。其中次生代谢产物的抗生素必须首先提到。以下五组代表了美国每年170亿美元的全球价值:penicillins(Penicilliumchrysogenum),cephalosporins(Cephalosporiumacremonium),tetracyclines(Streptomycesaureofaciens),erythromycins(Streptomyceserythreus),aminoglycosides(e.g.streptomycinfromStreptomycesgriseus).青霉素(青霉)头孢菌素(头孢枝顶)四环素(金色链霉菌)erythromycins(链霉菌)氨基糖苷类(如链霉素从灰色链霉菌)。About5000antibioticshavealreadybeenisolatedfrommicroorganisms,butoftheseonlysomewhatfewerthan100areintherapeuticuse.Itmustberemembered,however,thatmanyderivativeshavebeenmodifiedbypartialsynthesisfortherapeuticuse;some50,000agentshavebeensemisyntheticallyobtainedfrom户lactamsaloneinthelastdecade.Fermentationsarecarriedoutinstainlesssteelfermentorswithvolumesupto400m3.Toavoidcontaminationofthemicroorganismswithphagesetc.thewholeprocesshastobeperformedundersterileconditions.Sincethemoreimportantfermentationsoccurexclusivelyunderaerobicconditionsagoodsupplyofoxygenorair(sterile)isneeded.Carbondi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