(精品)构词法(compounding)

IntroductionDefinitionTypesCharacteristicsFormationConclusionIntroductionCouldyouexpresstheminEnglish?PigtailDog-earCat’s-pawChickenheadLion’sshareAss-kisserFox-sleepAreyouright?DefinitionAcompoundisalexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonebaseandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasinglewordDefinitionCompounding(alsocalledcomposition),istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.TypesSolidhyphenatedopenSolidhyphenatedopenSolidhyphenatedopenCharacteristicsCompounda'blackhorsea'bluebirda'fatheada'hothouseFreephraseablack'horseablue‘birdafat'headahot'housePhonologicalfeaturesIncompounds,thewordstressusuallyoccursonthefirstelementwhereasinnounphrasesthesecondelementsisgenerallyaccentedifthereisonlyonestress.Incasesoftwostresses,thecompoundhastheprimarystressonthefirstelementandthesecondstress,ifany,onthesecondwhereastheoppositeistrueoffreephrases.ThisisthePhoneticfeatureofthecompounds.Semanticfeatures1.Americancloth2.Britishwarm3.Frenchleave4.Spanishathlete5.Chinesecopy6.Turkishdelight7.Indianmeal8.Dutchtreat美产布料厚呢短大衣不辞而别西班牙运动员与原物一模一样的复制品土耳其软糖印度大餐AA制彩色油布英国式的暖日法式告别吹牛者中国版本土耳其式狂欢玉米粉荷兰招待方式Readthefollowingcompounds,andthenguesstheirmeaningsTheirmeaningsdonotjustfollowsthe“1+1Principle”,thatistosay,theirmeaningsarenotthecombinationofthemeaningsofthetwoelementsinthecompound.Compoundsaredifferentfromfreephrasesin“one-wordness”.Everycompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasoneword.ThisistheSemanticfeatureofcompounds.Pickpocket:itisnotapocket,butapersonwhopicksthingsoutofother’spocketillegally.Bluecollar:itisnotacollar,butapersonwhowearsblue-collareduniformatwork.Laptop:itisnotthetopofone’slap,butrathertheportablecomputer.Blockhead:itisneitherakindofblocknorakindofheadbutratheranidiot.Turncoat:itisnotakindofcoatbutarenegade.---examplesAlthoughmanycompoundstendtohavesensesnotwhollypredictablefromtheconstituentbases,forexample,darkroom(roomusedforphotographicprocessing)Therearequiteanumberofcompoundswhoaretransparent,thatisthemeaningcanbeinferredfromtheseparateelementsofcompounds.e.g.washingmachine,dumbshowGrammaticalfeaturesReadthefollowingsentencesandchangethesentencesintopluralforms.Payattentiontotheunderlinedwords.Thereisanew-bornleftonthecornerofthestreet.Thiskindergartenonlyacceptthree-year-oldandabove.Sheisthemostfamousgo-betweeninthisarea.Itisdifficulttofindareallygoodbabysitter.Thishouseiscooledbyair-conditioner.Q:Howaretheychangedintopluralforms?Isitnecessarytoadd“-s”toeachelementofthecompounds?Acompoundtendstoplayasinglegrammaticalroleinasentence,forexample,averb,anoun,oranadjective.Thus,thecompoundsintheabovesentencesshowtheirpluralformsbytakinginflectional“-s”attheend.1.Ofcourse,thereareexceptionssuchasbrothers-in-law,lookers-on,etc.Inspiteofthis,theirsinglegrammaticalroleisapparent.2.Inadjective-nouncompounds,theadjectiveelementcannottakeinflectionalsuffixes,forexample:hotlinecan’tbehotterline.FormationAccordingtowordclass,thereare3categoriesofcompoundsintotal:Nouncompounds:nightfall,watchdogAdjectivecompounds:airsick,far-reachingVerbcompounds:bottle-feed,brain-wash,lipreadNouncompounds:A.wordclassofthecompoundingelementsn.+n.(ashtray,hydrogenbomb,barcode),adj.+n.(blueprint,dark-room,harddisc,deadline),adv.+n.(downtown,upgrade,undercloth;),-ing+n.(chewinggum,readinglamp,leadingarticle,)n.+-ing(sightseeing,daydreaming).v.+n.(swearword,breakwater,driveway)n.+v.(nightfall,toothpick,watersupply)v.+adv.(show-off,put-off,follow-up)adv.+v.(outlet,upset,downfall,upstart,onflow)Nouncompounds:B.Syntacticrelationsofthecompoundingelements:daydreaming,sightseeingn+v-ingdaydreaming=dreamsduringtheday,i.e.verb+adverbial.sightseeing=seessights,i.e.verb+objecta.sub.andv.:heartbeat,crybaby,commandingofficer,revolvingdoor,rainfallb.v.andobj.:pickpocket,birthcontrol,dressmaking,housekeepingNouncompounds:c.v.andadv.:swimmingpool,divingboard,drinkingcup,typingpaper,walkingstickd.Sub.andobj.:Steamboat,honeybee,powerplante.Restrictiverelation(the1stelementrestricts/modifiesthemeaningof2nd)::Raindrop,tablecloth,ashtray;breakfasttime,safety-beltf.Appositiverelation:apeasantgirl;apinetree,agirlfriend,Nouncompounds:stringcompounddead-letteroffice;test-tubebaby;commanders-in-chief;bread-and-butter;give-and-take;come-and-go;hide-and-seekCompoundnounscanalsobeformedfromphrasalverbs.sit-in,dropout,phone-in,breakdown,walk-ons,walkout,setback;take-offAdjectivecompounds:A.wordclassofthecompoundingelementsa.withadj.attheendn.+adj.fat-free,toll-free,care-free,dust-free,dog-tired,home-sick,worldfamous,tone-deaf,lifelongadj.+adj.wet-cold,icy-cold,red-hot,light-blue,bitter-sweet-ing+adj.smoking-hot,soaking-wet,freezing-cold,biting-coldadv.+adj.ever-victorious,over-cautious,all-roundAdjectivecompounds:A.wordclassofthecompoundingelementsb.withv.attheendn.+-ingpeace-loving,time-saving,ocean-goingn.+-edheart-felt,air-borne,home-made,book-filled,poverty-strickenadj/adv.+-ingeasy-going,hard-working,everlastingadj/adv.+-ednewly-developed,well-balanced,hard-wonAdjectivecompounds:A.wordclassofthecompoundingelementsc.withn.attheendn.+n.-edchicken-hearte