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2018年12月四级阅读（第一套）PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thatpeopleoftenexperiencetroublesleepinginadifferentbedinunfamiliarsurroundingisaphenomenonknownasthe“first-night”effext.Ifapersonstaysinthesameroomthefollowingnighttheytendtosleepmoresoundly.YukaSasakiandhercolleaguesatBrownUniversitysetouttoinvestigatetheoriginsofthiseffect.Dr.Sasakiknewthefirst-nighteffectprobablyhassomethingtodowithhowhumansevolved.Thepuzzlewasthatbenefitwouldbegainedfromitwhenperformancemightbeaffectedthefollowingday.Shealsoknewfrompreviousworkconductedonbirdsanddolphinsthattheseanimalsputhalfoftheirbrainstosleepatatimesothattheycanrestwhileremainingalertenoughtoavoidpredators（捕食者）.Thisledhertowonderifpeoplemightbedoingthesamething.Totakeacloserlook,herteamstudied35healthypeopleastheysleptintheunfamiliarenvironmentoftheuniversity’sDepartmentofPsychologicalSciences.Theparticipantseachsleptinthedepartmentfortwonightsandwerecarefullymonitoredwithtechniquesthatlookedattheactivitypftheirbrains.Dr.Sasakifound,asexpected,theparticipantssleptlesswellontheirfirstnightthantheydidontheirsecond,takingmorethantwiceaslongtofallasleepandsleepinglessoverall.Duringdeepsleep,theparticipants’brainsbehavedinasimilarmannerseeninbirdsanddolphins.Onthefirstnightonly,thelefthemispheres（半球）oftheirbrainsdidnotsleepnearlyasdeeplyastheirrighthemispheresdid.Curiousidthelefthemisphereswereindeedremainingawaketoprocessinformationdetectedinthesurroundingenvironment,Dr.Sasakire-rantheexperimentwhilepresentingthesleepingparticipantswithamixofregularlytimedbeeps（蜂鸣声）ofthesametoneandirregularbeepsofadifferenttoneduringthenight.Sheworkedoutthat,ifthelefthemispherewasstayingalerttokeepguardinastrangeenvironment,thenitwouldreacttotheirregularbeepsbystirringpeoplefromsleepandwouldignoretheregularlytimedones.Thisispreciselywhatshefound.46.Whatdidresearchersfindpuzzlingaboutthefirst-nighteffect?A)Towhatextentitcantroublepeople.C)Whatcircumstancesmaytriggerit.B)Whatroleithasplayedinevolution.D)Inwhatwayitcanbebeneficial.47.WhatdowelearnaboutDr.YukaSasakidoingherresearch?A)Shefoundbirdsanddolphinsremainalertwhileasleep.B)Shefoundbirdsanddolphinssleepinmuchthesameway.C)Shegotsomeideafrompreviousstudiesonbirdsanddolphins.D)Sheconductedstudiesonbirds’anddolphins’sleepingpatterns.48.WhatdidDr.Sasakidowhenshefirstdidherexperiment?A)Shemonitoredthebrainactivityofparticipantssleepinginanewenvironment.B)Sherecruited35participantsfromherDepartmentofPsychologicalSciences.C)Shestudiedthedifferencesbetweenthetwosidesofparticipants’brains.D)Shetestedherfindingsaboutbirdsanddolphinsonhumansubjects.49.WhatdidDr.Sasakifindabouttheparticipantsinherexperiment?A)Sheanalyzedthenegativeeffectofirregulartonesonbrains.B)Sherecordedparticipants’adaptationtochangedenvironment.C)Sheexposedherparticipantstotwodifferentstimuli.D)Shecomparedtheresponsesofdifferentparticipants.50.WhatdidDr.Sasakifindabouttheparticipantsinherexperiment?A)Theytendedtoenjoycertaintonesmorethanothers.B)Theytendedtoperceiveirregularbeepsasathreat.C)Theyfeltsleepywhenexposedtoregularbeeps.D)Theydifferedintheirtoleranceofirregulartones.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.It’stimetoreevaluatehowwomenhandleconflictatwork.Beingoverworkedorover-committedathomeandonthejobwillnotgetyouwhereyouwanttobeinlife.Itwillonlyslowyoudownandhinderyourcareergoals.Didyouknowwomenaremorelikelythanmentofeelexhausted?Nearlytwiceasmanywomenthanmenages18-44reportedfeeling“verytired”or“exhausted”,accordingtoarecentstudy.Thismaynotbesurprisinggiventhatthisistheagerangewhenwomenhavechildren.It’salsotheagerangewhenmanywomenaretryingtobalancecareersandhome.Onereasonwomenmayfeelexhaustedisthattheyhaveahardtimesaying“no.”Womenwanttobeabletodoitall—volunteerforschoolpartiesorcookdeliciousmeals—andsotheiranswertoanyrequestisoften“Yes,Ican.”Womenstruggletosay“no”intheworkplaceforsimilarreasons,includingthedesiretobelikedbytheircolleagues.Unfortunately,thisinabilitytosay“no”maybehurtingwomen’shealthaswellastheircareer.Attheworkplace,menuseconflictasawaytopositionthemselves,whilewomenoftenavoidconflictorstrivetobethepeacemaker,becausetheydon’twanttobeviewedasaggressiveordisruptiveatwork.Forexample,there’saproblemthatneedstobeaddressedimmediately,resultinginadisputeoverwhoshouldbetheonetofixit.Menaremorelikelytofacethatdisputefromtheperspectiveofwhatbenefitsthemmost,whereaswomenmayapproachthesamedisputefromtheperspectiveofwhat’stheeasiestandquickestwaytoresolvetheproblem—evenifthatmeansdoingtheboringworkthemselves.Thisdifferenceinhandlingconflictcouldbethedecidingfactoronwhogetspromotedtoaleadershippositionandwhodoesnot.Leadershavetobeabletodelegateandmanageresourceswisely—includingstaffexpertise.Shoulderingmoreoftheworkloadmaynotearnyouthatpromotion.Instead,itmayhighlightyouinabilitytodelegateeffectively.51.Whatdoestheauthorsayistheproblemwithwomen?A)Theyareoftenunclearaboutthecareergoalstoreach.B)Theyareusuallymorecommittedathomethanonthejob.C)Theytendtobeover-optimisticabouthowfartheycouldgo.D)Theytendtopushthemselvesbeyondt