Psychoanalytic-Criticism精神分析批评

PsychoanalyticCriticismXXX年-月-日Contents010203040512345DefinitionHIstoricaldevelopmentReprezentativesKeypointsSignificanceDefinitionWhatispsychoanalysis?psychoanalyticcriticism?Psychoanalyticliterarycriticismreferstoliterarycriticismwhich,inmethod,concept,theory,orform,isinfluencedbythetraditionofpsychoanalysis（精神分析）begunbySigmundFreud.Psychoanalyticreadinghasbeenpracticedsincetheearlydevelopmentofpsychoanalysisitself,andhasdevelopedintoarichandheterogeneousinterpretivetradition.这里添描述Historicaldevelopment1890s-1930s:psychoanalysis1920s:形成1920s-1930s：发展的鼎盛时期1940s-1950s:一度受到新批评的冲击1960s-now:新精神分析批评它是二十世纪影响最大，延续时间最长的西方文艺批评流派之一。将近一个世纪以来，精神分析学一直是西方现代派文学的重要理论基础，它对意识流，表现主义，超现实主义，存在主义，荒诞派等现代主义流派都产生过直接或间接的影响。ReprezentativesSigmundFreud(弗洛伊德）:psychoanalysistheoriesCarlG.Jung（荣格）：collectiveunconsciousness(集体无意识）Lacan.Jacaueo（拉康）:Structuralistpsychoanalysiscriticism(结构主义精神分析批评）NormanN.Holland（霍兰德):Reader-orientedpsychoanalysiscriticism(读者反映精神批评）ClassicpsychoanalyticcriticismNewpsychoanalyticcriticismKeypoints传统精神分析批评KeypointsClassicpsychoanalyticcriticism--WriterSigmundFreudpsychoanalysistheories1Thestructureofmind(精神层次理论)2、Thestructuralmodeofpersonality(三重人格结构学说)3、Libogo(力比多学说)4、Oedipuscomplex(俄狄浦斯情节)5、Theinterpretationofdreams(梦的学说和释梦理论)6、Creativewritersanddaydreaming(作家与白日梦)7、Artistsandpsychosis(艺术家与精神病）Sextualinstinct性本能KeypointsThestructureofmind（精神层次理论）conscious(small):thisisthepartofthemindthatholdswhatyou’reawareof.Youcanverbalizeaboutyourconsciousexperienceandyoucanthinkaboutitinalogicalfashion.preconscious(small-medium):thisisordinarymemory.Soalthoughthingsstoredherearen'tintheconscious,theycanbereadilybroughtintoconscious.unconscious(enormous):Freudfeltthatthispartofthemindwasnotdirectlyaccessibletoawareness.Inpart,hesawitasadumpboxforurges,feelingsandideasthataretiedtoanxiety,conflictandpain.ThesefeelingsandthoughtshavenotdisappearedandaccordingtoFreud,theyarethere,exertinginfluenceonouractionsandourconsciousawareness.ThisiswheremostoftheworkoftheId,Ego,andSuperegotakeplace.KeypointsThestructureofmind（精神层次理论）UnconsciousPreconsciousConscious意识前意识无意识意识处于表层，是指一个人所直接感知到的内容。它是有目的的，自觉的心理活动，可以用语言表达，并接受社会道德约束前意识处于中层，是指那些此刻并不在一个人的一生之中但可以通过集中注意力或在没有干扰的情况下回忆起来的过去的经验。前意识的功能主要是在意识与无意识之间从事警戒，阻止无意识本能欲望进入意识之中。无意识是一种本能---主要是性本能---冲动，它是毫无理性，是“一团混乱”；它处于大脑的底层，是一个庞大的领域。这一部分个人是意识不到的，但它却能影响人的行为。意识的“冰山理论”ThefoundationofFreud’scontributiontomodernpsychologyishisemphasisontheunconsciousaspectsofthehumanpsyche.无意识论是精神分析学说的核心，是精神分析学派的标志。KeypointsThestructuralmodeofpersonality(三重人格学说）AccordingtoFreud’spsychoanalytictheoryofpersonality,personalityiscomposedofthreeelements.Thesethreeelementsofpersonality—knownastheid,theego,andthesuperego—worktogethertocreatecomplexhumanbehaviors.id--本我ego--自我superego--超我KeypointsThestructuralmodeofpersonality---idTheidistheonlycomponentofpersonalitythatispresentfrombirth.Thisaspectofpersonalityisentirelyunconsciousandincludesoftheinstinctiveandprimitivebehaviors.AccordingtoFreud,theidisthesourceofallpsychicenergy,makingittheprimarycomponentofpersonality.人格结构的最基本的层次是本我（id），相当于他早期提出的潜意识。它处于心灵最底层，是一种与生俱来的动物性的本能冲动，特别是性冲动。它是混乱的、毫无理性的，只知按照快乐原则（pleasureprinciple）行事，盲目地追求满足。KeypointsThestructuralmodeofpersonality---egoTheegoisthecomponentofpersonalitythatisresponsiblefordealingwithreality.AccordingtoFreud,theegodevelopsfromtheidandensuresthattheimpulsesoftheidcanbeexpressedinamanneracceptableintherealworld.Theegofunctionsinboththeconscious,preconscious,andunconsciousmind.中间一层是自我（ego），它是从本我中分化出来是受现实陶冶而渐识时务的一部分。自我充当本我与外部世界的联络者与仲裁者，并且在超我的指导下监管本我的活动，它是一种能根据周围环境的实际条件来调节本我和超我的矛盾、决定自己行为方式的意识，代表的就是通常所说的理性或正确的判断。它按照“现实原则”（realityprinciple)行动，既要获得满足，又要避免痛苦。KeypointsThestructuralmodeofpersonality---superegoThelastcomponentofpersonalitytodevelopisthesuperego.Thesuperegoistheaspectofpersonalitythatholdsallofourinternalizedmoralstandardsandidealsthatweacquirefrombothparentsandsociety--oursenseofrightandwrong.Thesuperegoprovidesguidelinesformakingjudgments.AccordingtoFreud,thesuperegobeginstoemergeataroundagefive.最上面一层是超我（superego），即能进行自我批判和道德控制的理想化了的自我，它是儿童在生长发育过程中社会尤其是父母给他的赏罚活动中形成的，换言之，是父母作为爱的角色和纪律的角色的赏罚权威的内化。它主要包括两个方面：一方面是平常人们所说的良心，代表着社会道德对个人的惩罚和规范作用，另一方面是理想自我，确定道德行为的标准。超我的主要职责是指导自我以道德良心自居，去限制、压抑本我的本能冲动，而按道德原则（moralityprinciple)活动。KeypointsSigmundFreuddefinedlibidoastheenergy,regardedasaquantitativemagnitude...ofthoseinstinctswhichhavetodowithallthatmaybecomprisedundertheword'love'.Itistheinstinctenergyorforce,containedinwhatFreudcalledtheid,thestrictlyunconsciousstructureofthepsyche弗洛伊德认为，构成本的主要是一种”性力”，这是每个人生来就有的一种本能，弗洛伊德称之为”力比多“。这种本能驱使人去寻找快乐，特别是性快乐。Libido力比多学说KeypointsLibido力比多学说firstintheoralstage(exemplifiedbyaninfant'spleasureinnursing),thenintheanalstage(exemplifiedbyatoddler'spleasureincontrollinghisorherbowels),theninthephallicstage,throughalatencystageinwhichthelibidoisdormant,toitsreemergenceatpubertyinthegenitalstage.Freuddevelopedtheideaofaseriesofdevelopmentalphasesinwhichthelibidofixatesondifferenterogenouszones：口腔期：性本能与婴儿的口腔刺激密切相连肛门期：通过排泄粪便得到性欲快感。生殖器期：性的快感转移到生殖器官。恋母情结就是在这个阶段产生的。生殖期：个人对异性具有性的吸引力。KeypointsSex