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小学英语笔记一．英语国际音标元音音素：（20个）单元音：/ɑ://ʌ//ɔ://ɒ//ɜ://ə//i://ɪ//u://u//e//æ/双元音：/eɪ//aɪ//ɔɪ//ɪə//eə//ʊə//əʊ//aʊ/辅音音素：（28个）轻辅音/p//t//k//f//θ//s/浊辅音/b//d//g//v//ð//z/轻辅音/ʃ//h//ts//tʃ//tr/浊辅音/ʒ//r//dz//dʒ//dr/鼻音/m//n//ŋ/半元音/j//w/边音/ǀ/同音词：sun太阳son儿子aunt阿姨aren’t不是right对的write写meet遇见meat肉pair对pear梨for为four四be是bee蜜蜂hi喂high高的here这里hear听see海洋see看见I我eye眼睛know知道no不our我们的hour小时father父亲farther更远的week星期weak弱there那边their她们的too也two二to到by乘bye再见buy买二．词型变化：1．名词加复数的变化规则：1）一般名词后加“s”:book—books22）以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加es:bus-buses,box-boxes,watch-watches3）以“o”结尾的名词：①有生命的加“es”potato—potatoes土豆，tomato—tomatoes西红柿，hippo—hippoes河马，hero—heroes英雄,,mango—mangoes芒果②无生命的加“s”：photo—photos相片，radio—radios收音机，zoo—zoos动物园4）以“y”结尾的名词：①元音字母+y直接加“s”：boy-boys②辅音字母+y，去掉y，再加ies:family-families,city-cities5）以f/fe结尾的名词，去掉f/fe,再加ves:knife—knives，leaf—leaves叶子特殊的：•一加，二改，三不变•一加：childrenoxen•二改：foot-feettooth-teethwoman-womenman-men•三不变：sheep,deer,people,Chinese,Japanese2．不可数名词（不能在名词后面直接加“s”）breadtearicemilkchickencoffeeorangeporkporridgepapergluejuicesugartofuapieceofbread,acupoftea有些名词以复数形式clothes,chopsticks,trousers,jeans,pants,scissors(be动词要用复数形式are)33．名词所有格1.表示有生命所有格的+’s：Tom’sbag,mother’sfriend2.复数的在后面直接加’s:boys’bags,Teachers’Day3.表示两者分别有：Lucy’sandLily’sbags表示两者共有：LucyandLily’sbag(名词单数)4.无生命的用“of”连接：amapofChina一幅中国的地图2动词第三称单数形式的变化规则：1）一般动词后加“s”,get-gets,look-looks2）以s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词后加“es”,guess—guesses,watch—watches,wash—washes3）以“o”结尾的动词加“es”,do—does,go—goes4）以“y”结尾的动词①元音字母+y,直接加“s”:play—plays②辅音+y,去掉y,再加“ies”：fly—flies5）have第三人称单数：has3现在分词的变化规则（即动词+ing）1）一般动词后+ing:listen—listening2）以不发音e结尾的动词，去掉e,再加ing:make—making,come—coming,practice—practicing特殊：see—seeing,be—being43）重读闭音节，双写最后一个字母，再加ing:run—running,get—getting,put—putting,swim—swimming,sit—sitting,cut—cutting,stop—stopping,shop—shopping,begin—beginning,forget—forgetting4动词过式的变化规则：1）一般动词后加ed:walk—walked,help—helped2）以e结尾直接加d:use—used,live—lived3）以y结尾的动词：i.元音字母，直接+ed,play—playedii.辅音字母+y,去掉y,再加ied,carry—carried4）重读闭音节，双写最后一个字母，再加ed.stop—stopped,shop—shopped,drop—dropped,clap—clapped动词过去式不规则形式：am/is—was,are—were,do/does—did,have/has—had,go—went,write—wrote,come—came,see—saw,ride—rode,drink—drank,eat—ate,sing—sang,sit—sat,say—said,break—broke,get—got,forget—forgot,run—ran,swim—swam,sweep—swept,fall—fell,take—took,feel—felt,make—made,send—sent,buy—bought,bring—brought,find—found,fly—flewtell—told,teach—taught,catch—caught,draw—drew,give—gave,meet—met,know—knew,lose—lost,smell—smelt,5sleep—slept,begin—began,think—thought,hold—held动词与动词过去式一样cut—cut,put—put,read—read,let—let,hurt—hurt,三．数词基数词序数词缩写形式onefirst1sttwosecond2ndthreethird3rdfourfourth4thfivefifth5thsixsixth6thsevenseventh7theighteighth8thnineninth9thtententh10theleveneleventh11thtwelvetwelfth12thtwentytwentieth20thtwenty-onetwenty-first21st百位数：用and连接（百位与十位）101：ahundredandone112:onehundredandtwelve6千位数：千-百-（and）-十位-个位1235：onethousandtwohundredandthirty-five1.基数词变序数词的顺口溜基变序，有规律，词尾加上th；一，二，三特殊记，词尾字母t,d,d；八减t,,九减e,f来把ve替，单词ty结尾，ty变成tie，若是碰到几十几，只变个位就可以。2.时间表达方法：ahalf一半aquarter十五分past和to表示“几点几分”的用法：A:分钟数在30分钟内：分钟数+past+钟点数，表示“几点过几分”如：9：20=twentypastnineB:分钟数超过30分钟：（60-分钟数）+to+(下一个钟点数）。表示“差几分几点”如：9：50（差10分10点）：tentoten3.年月日两种表达方法2011，1，10January(the)10th,2011thetenthofJanuary,2011四．冠词•A.aB.anC.theD./(零冠词)•a/an不定冠词,表泛指+可数名词单数7A.a+辅音音素abookatableausefulbook/ju:/B:an+元音音素（元音：aeiou/ju:/anumbrella/ʌ/anhour/au/anhonestboy/ɔ/一个诚实的男孩Thereisa”U”intheworlduseful.Thereisan“F”intheworldfarmer.ana/e/i/o/f/h/l/m/n/r/s/xC:定冠词the1.表特指Themaninredismyteacher.2.名词第二次出现ThisisanEnglishbook.Thebookismine.3.乐器类名词前playthepianoplaytheviolin4.形容词最高级前thetallestboy5.序数词前thefirst第一thesecond第二thethird第三6.the+姓stheSmiths史密斯一家人或史密斯夫妇7.世界独一无二的名词thesonthemoontheearth8.the+特定的开容词，表示一类人therich富有的人theold老人D．零冠词1.球类，棋类名词前不用冠词playfootballplaychess2.三餐havebreakfasthavelunchhavesupper3.固定搭配atnight晚上atnoon中午4.季节、月份、星期前不加冠词五．形容词•1.概念•用来表述人或物的特征的词。•2.用法•1)形容词+名词•2)be动词+形容词•3)感官类动词（系动词look看起来，sound听起来，smell闻起来,taste尝起来,feel感觉）+形容词•3.形容词原级、比较级、最高级1)一般形容词直接加er，est8•small-smaller-smallest2)以字母e结尾的单词直接加r，st•large-larger-largest3)重读闭音节结尾的双写结尾辅音字母再加er或est（辅音+元音+辅音）•fat-fatter-fattest，thin-thinner-thinnest4)辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i再加er或est•happy-happier-happiest5)不规则变化•good/well-better-best•many/much-more-most•ill（病的）/bad(badly)-worse-worst•little（少的）-less-least6)多音节的形容词，在前面直接加more或most•beautiful，morebeautiful，mostbeautiful一些副词：slowly-moreslowly-mostslowly4.形容词比较级和最高级的用法1)比较级用于两者的比较基本的句式：a)Which…,…or…?Whichisbigger,anelephantorahippo?b)be+比较级+than+其它9I’mtallerthanyou?2)最高级的用法，用于三者或三者以上的比较构成：the+最高级+表示范围内的短语（in…,of…）Iamtheshortestinmyclass.Heistheoldestofthethreeboys.WhoistheyoungestTony,JennyorLisa?最高级之前一定加上“the”3)原级：不比较，只说特征as+形容词原级+as…，与……一样,notas…as…,asexpensiveas一样贵astallas一样高六．句型转换1．陈述句改一般疑问句变化规则a.句子中有be动词（is,are,was,were）把be动词放在句首，其余照写。b.句子中有（must,can,could,will,would等情态动词），把can,will…放在句首，其余照写。c.“Iam”改为“Areyou”,“Iwas”改“Wereyou”e.some改any，I改you,my改yourd.句子中有行为动词，借助动词do,does,did放句首，Do/Does/Did+主语+动原+其它？一般疑问句有两种回答1.肯定回答：yes,…否定回答：no…102.特殊情况:①a:Isthis…?Yes,itis.(√)Yes,thisis.(×)b:Isthat…?No,itisn’t.(√)No,thatisn’t.(×)后面接物