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hilus肾门ureterpelvis肾盂major/minorcalyces肾大小盏labyrinths皮质迷路pyramids肾椎体renalpapillae乳头areacribrosa筛孔区Renalcorpuscles肾小体Afferentarteriole入球微AEfferentarteriole出球微AGlomerulus肾血管球Bowman'scapsule鲍曼氏囊;肾小球囊podocytes足细胞heparan肝素Ln层粘连蛋白entactin巢蛋白mesangium血管系膜mesangialcell系膜细胞pedicels足突nephrin裂孔膜蛋白Filtrationmembrane滤过膜distaltubule远端小管principle(主、亮)Cintercalated(闰、暗)CCollectingtubule集合小管interstitialcell间质细胞Transitionalepithelium变移上皮Facetcell盖细胞Laminapropria固有层Muscularlayer肌层Adventicia外膜serosa浆膜fibrosa纤维膜intermediatemesoderm间介中胚层Nephrogeniccord生肾索Urogenitalridges尿生殖嵴pronephros前肾mesonephros中肾gonad性腺mesonephricridge中肾嵴gonodalridge生殖腺嵴urogenitalridge尿生殖嵴cloacalcavity泄殖腔Uretericbud输尿管芽Metanephrogenicblastema生后肾原基ventralhilum腹侧肾门insidehilum内侧肾门Congenitalanomalies泌尿畸形Ectopickidneys异位肾Unilateralrenalagenesis单侧肾缺如Bilateralrenalagenesis双侧肾缺如Horseshoekidney马蹄肾inferiormesentericA肠系膜下动脉、Duplicatedureters双输尿管与双肾Doublekidneys双肾Cystickidney肾囊肿、多囊肾Fusedkidney肾融合Malrotation旋转异常Urachalanomalies脐尿管异常urachalcyst脐尿管囊肿urachalsinus脐尿管窦urachalfistula脐尿瘘Ecotopicuretericopening输尿管开口异常ventibule尿失禁Hypospadia尿道下裂Bowman’scapsule肾球囊size-dependentbarrierfunction分子大小依赖的屏障charge-dependentbarrierfunction电荷依赖的屏障Glomerulonephritis(GN）肾小球肾炎PAS碘酸SchiffPASM过碘酸六胺银Acutenephriticsyndrome急性肾炎综合征RapidlyprogressiveGNsyndrome急进性肾炎综合征nephroticsyndrome肾病综合征hypoalbuminemia低蛋白血症hyperlipidemiaandlipiduria高脂血症和脂尿asymptomatichematuriaorproteinuria无症状性血尿或蛋白尿chronicnephriticsyndrome慢性肾炎综合征diffuse弥漫性focal局灶性global球性segmental节段性AcuteDiffuseProliferativeGlomerulonephritis急性弥漫性增生性肾小球肾炎endocapillaryproliferativeglomerulonephritis毛细血管内增生性GNpostinfectiousglomerulonephritis感染后GNpoststreptococcalGN链球菌感染后性肾炎nonstreptococcalGN非链球菌感染性肾炎Rapidlyprogressiveglomerulonephritis急进性GN（RPGN）cresentic新月体性Goodpasturesyndrome肺出血肾炎综合征ANCA，antinutrophilcytoplasmicantibody抗嗜中性粒细胞胞质抗体Membranousglomerulopathy膜性肾小球病membranousnephropathy膜性肾病Minimalchangeglomerulopathy轻微病变性肾小球病lipoidnephrosis脂性肾病Focalsegmentalglomerulosclerosis（FSG）局灶性节段性肾小球硬化Membranoproliferativeglomerulonephritis(MPGN)膜增生性GNmesangiocapillaryglomerulonephritis系膜毛细血管性肾小球肾炎Mesangialproliferativeglomerulonephritis(MPG)系膜增生性GNIgAnephropathyIgA肾病Chronicglomerulonephritis慢性肾小球肾炎Pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎Renalcellcarcinoma肾细胞癌Wilmstumor（nephroblastoma）肾母细胞瘤urothelialtumor尿路上皮肿瘤juxtaglomerularapparatus球旁器extraglomerularmesangialcell球外系膜细胞maculadensa致密斑fenestration窗孔filtrationslitmembrane滤过裂隙膜myogenicmechanism肌源性机制tubuloglomerularfeedback管—球反馈glomerularfiltrationrate,GFR肾小球滤过率filtrationfraction滤过分数effectivefiltrationpressure有效滤过压filtrationequilibrium滤过平衡renalbloodflow肾血流量renalplasmaflow肾血浆流量filtrationcoefficient,Kf滤过系数reabsorption重吸收secretion分泌transcellularpathway跨细胞转运途径paracellulartransport细胞旁转运途径diffusion扩散osmosis渗透facilitated易化扩散solventdrag溶剂拖曳activetransport主动转运secondaryactivetransport继发性主动转运proximalconvolutedtubule近曲小管principalcell主细胞intercalatedcell闰细胞titratable可滴定酸Spironolactone螺内酯（安体舒通）eplerenone依普利酮amiloride阿米洛利triamterene氨苯蝶啶glutamine谷氨酰胺countercurrentmultiplication逆流倍增countercurrentexchange逆流交换osmotic渗透性利尿glomerulotubularbalance球-管平衡constantfractionreabsorption定比重吸收antidiuretic,ADH抗利尿激素osmoticpressure晶体渗透压osmoreceptor渗透压感受器waterdiuresis水利尿renin-angiotensin-aldosteronesystem肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统aldosterone-inducedprotein醛固酮诱导蛋白Bradykinin缓激肽clearance清除率inulin菊粉Endogenousclearances内生肌酐pelvicnerve盆神经hypogastricnerve腹下神经pudendalnerve阴部神经micturitionreflex排尿反射overflowincontinence溢流性尿失禁urineretention尿潴留urineincontinence尿失禁acidbasebalance酸碱平衡standardbicarbonate，SB标准碳酸氢盐actualbicarbonate，AB实际碳酸氢盐bufferbase，BB缓冲碱baseexcess，BE碱剩余aniongap，AG阴离子间隙undeterminedanion，UA未测定的阴离子undeterminedcation，UC未测定阳离子acidbasedisturbance酸碱平衡紊乱Lacticacidosis乳酸酸中毒Keto-acidosis酮症酸中毒Uremicacidosis尿毒症性酸中毒Renaltubularacidosis，RTA肾小管性酸中毒Distalrenaltubularacidosis远端肾小管性酸中毒Proximalrenaltubularacidosis近端肾小管性酸中毒Renaltubularacidosis肾小管性酸中毒respiratoryacidosis呼吸性酸中毒respiratoryalkalosis呼吸性碱中毒mixedacid-basedisorders混合型酸碱平衡异常Glomerulusdisease肾小球病变Tubularnecrosis肾小管坏死Damageofrenalinterstitium肾间质损害Diseaseofrenalbloodvessels肾血管病变Glomerulusinsufficiency肾小球功能障碍Permeabilitybarrier孔径屏障Electrostaticbarrier电荷屏障Renaltubularinsufficiency肾小管功能障碍Hyposthenuria低渗尿Isosthenuria等渗尿acuterenalfailure,ARF急性肾功能衰竭PrerenalARF肾前性ARFFunctionalARF功能性ARFIntrarerenalARF肾性ARFParenchymalARF器质性ARFacutetubularnecrosis，ATN急性肾小管坏死PostrerenalARF肾后性ARFKidneybloodflowdown肾血流量降低Renalhypoperfusion肾灌注压下降Vasoconstriction肾血管收缩Changeofbloodrheology血液流变学的改变Oliguricacutefailure少尿型急性肾功能衰竭Oliguricphase少尿期Azotemia氮质血症Waterintoxication水中毒Hyperkalemia高血钾Metabolicacidosis代谢性酸中毒Diureticphase多尿期Recoveryphase恢复期Nonoliguricacuterenalfailure非少尿型chronicrenalfailure,CRF慢性肾功能衰竭renalhypertension肾性高血压renalanemia肾性贫血uremia尿毒症Hydrostaticpressure静水压Osmoticpressure渗透压Disordersofsodiummetabolism钠代谢紊乱Hypernatremia高钠血症hypotonicdehydration低渗性脱水Symptomofcirculatoryfailure循环衰竭体症（休克）Dehydratesymptom脱水症状hypertonicdehydration高渗性脱水Urinesodium尿钠Dehydrantfever脱水热isotonicdehydration等渗性脱水edema水肿Increasedcapillaryhydrostaticpressure毛细血管有效流体静压升高Decreasedplasmacolloidosmoticpressure