英语语言学布拉格学派纯英文全解

ThePragueSchoolContentIntruductionPhonologyandPhonologicalOppositionsFunctionalSentencePerspectiveIntruductionFunded:in1926.CzechoslovakiaFunder:aprofessorattheCharlieUniversityofPragueV.Mathesius(1882-1946)V.马泰休斯Mainactivists:includedR.JakobsonR.雅柯布逊(1896-1982)andN.Trubetzkoy特鲁别茨科伊(1890-1938).Oneofthemainschoolsofstructurallinguistics.ActivitycenteristhePraguelanguageinstituteAlsocalledfunctionllanguage.崔健ChronicleofthePragueSchoolAccordingtothechangesofitsmainmembersandresearchinterestsofthetransferintotwostages:thefirststagefrom1926tobuildtheSecondWorldWarbrokeout;1915----ThefoundationoftheMoscowLinguisticcircle,Jakobsonbeingthepresident.1917----MembersfleeingMoscowduetoOctoberRevolution.1926----ThefoundationofthePragueSchoolLinguisticCircle,Jakobsonbeingthevicepresident1928----PresentingthePragueCirclemanifesto1929----theFirstInternationalCongressofSlavistsinPrague.CameupwithOutline1930----InternationalphoneticsystemrepresentativeconferenceinPrague(detailonlanguage,especiallyonphoneticstructure).1939----disruption.thesecondstageisfromtheendofthefifty'sandearlysixty'stonow1960s----sentencepatternmodelfunctionalsentenceperspectivefunctionalgenerativeapproach1970s----LinguisticactivityinterruptedagainAfter1989----Newsociety'sactivitiestoresumeCharacteristicOfthemanyideasdevelopedinPragueSchool,threepointsareofspecialimportance.First,itwasstressedthatthesynchronicstudyoflanguageisfullyjustifiedasitcandrawoncompleteandcontrollablematerialforinvestigation.Second,therewasanemphasisonthesystemiccharacteroflanguage.Third,languagewaslookedonasfunctionalinanothersense,thatis,asatoolperforminganumberofessentialfunctionsortasksforthecommunityusingit.phonetics(语音学):Phoneticsisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages,i.e.howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.phonology(音系学):Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.12.1.2PhonologyandPhonologicalOppositions12.1.2PhonologyandPhonologicalOppositionsTrubetzkoyPrinciplesofPhonologyphoneticsbelongedtoparoleandphonologybelongedtolanguethenotionofphonemeanabstractunitofthesoundsystemasdistinctfromthesoundsactuallyproduced.Aphonememaybedefinedasthesumofthedifferentialfunctions.Soundsmaybephonemesinsofarastheycanservetodistinguishmeaning.distinctivefeaturesAdistinctivefeatureisonethatdistinguishonephonemefromtheanother.Forexample:[b]and[p]arethesameineverywayexceptthattheformerisvoiced,whilelatterisvoiceless.Therefore,voicingisadistinctivefeature.Inclassifyingdistinctivefeatures,Trubetzkoyproposedthreecriteria:theirrelationtothewholecontrastivesystem;relationsbetweentheopposingelements;andtheirpowerofdiscrimination.PhonologicaloppositionsPhonologicaloppositiontwoelements(twophonemesinphonology)onlydifferinonefeature.E.g.inEnglish/g/ingut,and/k/incutaresaidtobeinoppositionbecausetheonlydifferencebetweenthemisthat/g/isvoiced,and/k/isvoiceless.However,/k/and/b/arenotinphonologicaloppositionsbecausetheydifferinseveralwaysincludingplaceofarticulationandvoicing.Trubetzkoydistinguishedninephonologicaloppositionsamongphonemes.Ninephonologicaloppositionsofphonemesbilateralopposition双边对立Ifthefeatureswhichtwophonemessharebelongonlytothem,theyarebilateralopposition;Inotherwords,thefeaturestheyhaveincommondonotoccursimultaneouslyinanyotherphoneme.eg./p/and/b/multilateralopposition多边对立Itisamorelooselyestablishedrelationship:/a/and/i/forinstencearealikeonlytotheextentthatbotharevowels,aqualitysharedbyantotherpairsofvowels.proportionalopposition均衡对立.Twophonemesareproportionalifthesamecontrastivefeaturesalsoserveasthedifferentiatingcriterionforotherpairsofphonemes.E.g./p/and/b/,/t/and/d/,/k/and/g/arealldistinguishedbyvoice.isolatedopposition孤立对立Ifthecontrastivefeatureisuniquetothepair,thatis,itisnotacontrastivefeatureofanyotherpairsofpnonemesinthelanguage,thenthephonemesareisolatedopposition.Forexample,English,/y/and/l/,theformerislabial-dentalfricativethelaterislateralvoiced.privativeopposition否定对立Onememberofacontrastivepairmatbecharacterisedbythepresenceofacertainfeature,theotherbyitsabsence.aspirationVSlackofaspirationasbetween/p/and/b/.gradualopposition分级对立thepairssharedifferentdigreesofafeatureequipollentopposition等价对立Twophonemesarenotingradualopposition,norinprivativeopposition,theyarelogicallyequipollent.E.G./t/and/p/,/t/and/k/inEnglish.neutralizableopposition抵消对立Twophonemesareinoppositionsinsomepositionsbutnotinothers.E.g/b/and/p/donotshowcontrastafter/s/.constantopposition永恒对立Thepairofsoundsoccursinallpossiblepositionswithoutbeingneutralised.Trubetzkoy'scontributionstophonologicaltheoryTrubetzkoy'scontributionstophonologicaltheoryconcernfouraspects.First,heshoweddistinctivefunctionsofspeechsoundsandgaveanaccuratedefinitionforthephoneme.Second,bymakingdistinctionsbetweenphoneticsandphonology,hedefinedthesphereofphonologicalstudies.Third,bystudyingthesyntagmaticandparadigmat