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I.HistoricalBackgroundA.TwoWorldWarsa.SocialbreakdownandindividualpowerlessnessandhopelessnessbecamepartoftheAmericanexperienceb.Therewasadeclineinmoralstandardandthisperiodwasbestdescribedasaspiritualwastelandtherewasthelossoffaith.Peoplelivedapurposeless,futileandchaoticlife.B.Economya.aboomingindustryandmaterialprosperityb.TheGreatDepressionC.CulturalBackgrounda.Marxismb.SigmundFreud’sAnalyticalPsychologyc.StreamofConsciousnessII.FeaturesofModernisma.Modernismisaculturalmovementthatgenerallyincludestheprogressiveartandarchitecture,design,literature,music,dance,paintingandothervisualartswhichemergedinthebeginningofthe20thcentury.b.Theavant-gardemovementsthatfollowed---includingImpressionism,Post-Impressionism,Cubism,Futurism,Expressionism,Constructivism,andAbstractExpressionism-aregenerallydefinedasModernist.III.TheSchoolsofAmericanModernismA.ModernPoetrya.EzraPound(1885-1972)1.LifeandCareerBorninIdahoin1885;Arrestedasatraitorin1945Mastered9languages;influencedbyChineseandJapanesepoetry;Advocatedfreemeter,leadingtheImagistMovementofpoetry.Theleaderofimagism2.Achievements:ImagismWhatisimagism?“avortexorclusteroffusedideas,endowedwithenergy.”---EzraPoundInaStationoftheMetroInaStationoftheMetroAzraPoundTheapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;Petalsonawet,blackbough.人群中幽然浮现的一张张脸庞，黝黑的湿树枝上的一片片花瓣。b.RobertFrost(1874-1963)1.LifeandCareerApoetforhislifePublishedmanypoemsPulitzerPrizefor4times“Unofficialpoetlaureateofthenation”ReadhispoemsintheinaugurationceremonyofPresidentKennedy2.Achievements:HisWorksCollectionofPoemsABoy’sWill（1913）NorthofBoston（1914）NewHamphshire（1923）CollectedPoems（1930）AFurtherRange（1936）AWitnessTree（1942）PoemsBirchesAfterApple-PickingStoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEveningTheRoadNotTaken3.FeaturesofHisPoetryNature(WordsworthandEmerson)DeceptivelysimplestyleSymbolismTraditionalforms;modernthemesB.FictionWritinga.TheLostGeneration1.DefinitionThe“LostGeneration”isatermusedtocharacterizeageneralfeelingofdisillusionmentofAmericanliterarynotableswholivedinEurope,mostnotablyParis,aftertheFirstWorldWar.2.CharacteristicsAimlessness;morallossmelancholy;nostalgic3.OriginThetermof“thelostgeneration”wascoinedbyGertrudeSteinwhoisrumoredtohaveheardherauto-mechanicwhileinFrancetohavesaidthathisyoungworkerswere,“unegenerationperdue”.Thisreferredtotheyoungworkers’poorauto-mechanicrepairskills.GertrudeSteinwouldtakethisphraseanduseittodescribethepeopleofthe1920’swhorejectedAmericanpostWorldWarIvalues.b.Representatives1.F.ScottFitzgerald(1890-1940)LifeandCareerBornofmiddle-classparentsAttendedprivateschoolsEnteredPrincetonin1913Joinedthearmyin1917FellinlovewithZeldaSayreDiedin1940attheageof44inlonelinessLiteraryWorksThisSideofParadise(1920)TheBeautifulandtheDamned(1922)TheGreatGatsby(1925)TenderistheNight(1934)TheLastTycoon(1941)LiteraryThemes1.ThedeclineoftheAmericanDreaminthe1920s2.Thehollownessoftheupperclass2.ErnestHemingway(1899-1961)LifeandCareerAnovelist,short-storywriter,journalistHiswarexperiencesinItaly&SpainHis4marriages,relationwithStein&AndersonTheNobelPrizein1954Suicidein1961Spokesmanforthe“lostgeneration”LiteraryWorks:TheSunAlsoRises(1926)AFarewelltoArms(1929)ForWhomtheBellTolls(1940)TheOldManandtheSea(1952)C.SouthernRenaissancea.DefinitionTheSouthernRenaissancewasthere-invigorationofAmericanSouthernliteraturethatbeganinthe1920sand1930swiththeappearanceofwriterssuchasWilliamFaulkner,CarolineGordon,ElizabethMadoxRoberts,KatherineAnnePorter,AllenTate,TennesseeWilliams,andRobertPennWarrenb.HistoricalBackground1.Theconflictbetweenthenorthandthesouth.2.UnitedcloselyspirituallyafterCivilWar.c.ThreeThemesTheburdenofhistoryinaplaceTheSouth’sconservativecultureTheSouth’stroubledhistoryinregardstoracialissuesd.RepresentativesWilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)LifeandCareerNewAlbany,Mississippi(1897)RoyalFlyingCorpsinCanada(1918)ThehelpofPhilipStoneandSherwoodAndersonNobelPrize(1949)DiedofheartattackinOxford(1962)LiteraryWorksTheSoundandtheFuryLightinAugustAbsalom,Absalom!GoDown,MosesThemes1.modernsocietyasaspiritualwasteland;2.thejuxtapositionofthepastandthepresent,natureandsocietywiththeassertionofthehealthylifeoftheprimitiveman.ArtisticFeatures1.Streamofconsciousness2.Dislocationofthenarrativetime.3.Multiplepointofview4.Longandcomplexsentences.