关系从句-语法Relative-clause

RelativeclauseWarm-up•Fillintheblankswithproperwords.•Theman_____cameintotheroomwassmallandslender.•OppositeisSt.Paul’sChurch,_____youcanhearsomelovelymusic.•Heistheonlyperson_____mightbeabletohelp.•Mostofthemothershaveajob,_____theytakebothforthemoneyandforthecompany.•He_____isnotforreformisagaintit.I.Definingvs.non-definingclauses1.Adefiningclauseiscloselyattachedtotheantecedent.Itgivesessentialinformationaboutthemeaningofitsantecedent.Eg:•Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.•Sheisawomanwhomustbetreatedseriously.2.Anon-definingclauseifnotcloselyconnectedwithitsantecedent.Itisgenerallyseparatedfromthemainclausebyacomma.Eg:•Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.•CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.•Hiswife,whosenameisAnn,mademeagreatdinner.•wh-•Formalcontext3.non-definingrelativeclausecanalsobeusedtomodifythepreviousclause.Eg：•HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,_____greatlyupsetsme.•Liquidwaterchangestovapor,_____iscalledevaporation.II.Relativepronounvs.relativeadv.1.关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who,whom,that•person：Ishetheman_____wantstoseeyou?Heistheman(____)Isawyesterday.2)Whose•Person&thingEg：Theyrushedovertohelpthemanwhosecarhadbrokendown.Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.•Formal:ofwhich,ofwhomEg:Itravelledinalorrythebackofwhichtheownerhadloadedwithcorns.ItisatowntheinhabitantsofwhichspeakFrench.•3）which,that先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等•Eg：Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.2.关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。•when,where,why•“P+which”Eg：Thereareoccasionswhen(____which)onemustyield.Beijingistheplacewhere(____which)Iwasborn.Isthisthereasonwhy(_____which)herefusedouroffer?3.relativepronounorrelativeadv.?Rightorwrong?ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.1)v.inclause:vt.vi.pronounadv.•Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysage?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone•Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone2)Elementsintheclause:S,O,C,AIII.Preposition+relativepronouns1）P+relativepronouns=when,where,whyEg:Thisisthehouse____Ilivedtwoyearsago.Doyouremembertheday____youjoinedourclub?•FormalCollocation:verb+preposition2)ColloquialsituationAngelawastheonlypersonIcouldtalkto.ThisistheplaceIusedtogotolastterm.•Nopronoun3)PhrasalverbThoseareallthethingsI’vehadtoputupwith.Thereareotherproblems,whichIdon’tproposetogointoatthemoment.Thisisnotthekindoflifehewaslookingforwardto.4)Innon-finitingclauseAttheschoolweweregreetedbytheteachers,mostof____weremiddle-aged.Itisalanguagesharedbyseveralquitediversecultures,eachof_____usesitdifferently.Theyactmostlyonsuggestionsfrompresentmembers,fourof____arewomen.Exercise:•1）Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,___cameasasurprise.A.itB.thatC.whichD.he•2）___weallknow,smokingisharmfultoourhealth.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.as•3）Itrainedhardyesterday,____preventedmefromgoingtothepark..A.thatB.whichC.asD.itIV.Non-finitingclause:as,which•由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首，which在句中。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.V.ThatRightorwrong?•Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.•Wedependonthelandthatwegetourfoodfrom.1）No“that”:a)non-definingclauseb)afterpreposition2)Only“that”a)therebeThe9:15isthefastesttrain(that)therehaseverbeen.b)Indefinitepronouns:anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,littleAllthatlivemustdie.All(that)Iwantispeaceandquiet.c)modifier:theonly,theveryAnyboythatwantstosucceedmustworkhard.d)cardinal,ordinalnumber,superlativeHewasthecleverestmanthatevertaughtinourschool.Shewasthesecondthatranoutofthebuilding.e)bothpersonandthingThestoriesandpeoplethatappearinhisnovelattractmyinterest.VI.Ellipsisofrelativewords1)Object2)SVCHeaskedforthelastbookthereisonthesubject.3)when,why,where(inf)Hisfatherdiedtheyearhewasborn.Heisunlikelytofindtheplacehelivedfortyyearsago.Thereasonhecamesoearlyishisownaffair.ThisistheplacehestayedwhenhewasinLondon.VII.Double&Embeddedrelativeclause1.DoublerelativeclauseThedogworriedthecatthatcaughttheratthatatethegrainthatlayinthehousethatJackbuilt.杰克盖了房，房里堆了粮，耗子把粮食吃光，猫把耗子抓伤，狗又把猫逼上房。Doublerelativeclause:referstoapostmodifiercomposedoftworelativeclausesthatshareoneandthesameantecedent.She’stheonlygirlIknowthatcanplaytheguitar.2.EmbeddedrelativeclauseFunctionbothasthepostmodifierofaNPinthemainclauseandastheobjectofanotherinsertedclause.Shehasanadoptedchildwhoshesayswasanorphan.Exercise:•33C,33D