第一章土的组成和物理分析1.1已知土样试验数据为:土的重度19.03/kNm,土粒密度2.713/gcm,土的干重度为14.53/kNm,求土样的含水率、孔隙比、孔隙率和饱和度。解:(1)含水率()()(19.014.5)100%100%100%100%31.03%14.5wddsddmVwmVγγγγγγ−−−=×=×=×=×=(2)孔隙比(1)2.71(131.03%)10110.86919.0swgeργ+×+×=−=−=(3)孔隙率19.0110.46(1)2.7110(131.03%)sngwγρ=−=−=+××+(4)饱和度31.03%2.71100.9680.86910.0srwwgseργ××===×1.2某土样采用体积为1003cm的环刀取样试验,用天平测得环刀加湿土的质量为241.0g,环刀质量为55.0g,烘干后土样质量为162.0g,土粒比重为2.70,。计算该土样的含水率w,饱和度rS,孔隙比e,孔隙率n及天然密度,饱和密度satρ,有效密度'ρ和干密度dρ,并比较各种密度的大小。解:湿土质量:241.055.0186.0mg=−=土的湿重度:3186.21018.6/100mgkNmVγ×===含水率:186.0162.0100%100%100%14.8%162.0wsssmmmwmm−−=×=×=×=饱和度:[][]18.62.701014.8%60.0%(1)102.710(114.8%)18.6srwsgwSgwγργργ×××===+−×××+−孔隙比:14.8%2.70100.66660.0%10.0srwwgeSργ××===×孔隙率:0.6660.40110.666ene===++天然密度:3186.01.86/100mgcmVρ===饱和密度:30.6661.0100162110.6662.02/100wswvssateVmVmegcmVVρρρ+××++++====有效密度:'32.021.01.02/satwgcmρρρ=−=−=干密度:3162.01.62/100sdmgcmVρ===比较各种密度的大小:'satdρρρρ1.3土样试验数据见表1-16,求表内空白项的数值。表1-16习题1.3的数据土的重力/N土样号3/(/)kNmγ3/(/)sgcmρ3/(/)dkNmρ/%wenrS3体积/cm湿干118.492.6513.8340.920.4897.9%---217.32.7115.710.190.730.4237.8%---319.02.7114.531.030.870.46596.7%17.60.190.145418.82.6514.232.390.870.4641.0086.21.621.22解:对土样1:3()(1)(1)(1)(134%)2.651018.49/110.92wssssmmgwmgmgVVeVwgkNmeγρ++===+++××===++0.480.92110.48nen===−−332.6511.38/13.8/110.92sssdVmegcmkNmVVeρρρ+======++34%2.651097.9%0.9210.0srwwgSeργ××===×对土样2:332.7111.57/15.7/110.73sssdVmegcmkNmVVeρρρ+======++//17.3/101.5710.19%1.57wddsddmVgVgwmVγργρρρ−−−=====0.730.42110.73ene===++10.19%2.711037.8%0.7310.0srwwgSeργ××===×对土样3:19.01.451031.03%1.4510wwddssddmmgVgVgwmmggVgγργρρρ−−−×======×19.0110.465(1)2.7110(131.03%)sngwγρ=−=−=+××+0.4650.87110.465nen===−−31.03%2.711096.7%0.8710.0srwwgSeργ××===×-3+0.19+0.145==17.619.010GGVγ=×干湿对土样4:r33v31.0()()2.651.6210/(1086.2)86.2()40.3()(2.651.0)1.621.0101040.31.22ssatswvssatswdwvSVVVVcmGGgVNρρρρρρρρρ−=−=−⎡⎤−×××−⎣⎦===−−=−=−×××=由,得:则3361.621018.8N/86.210GkmVγ−−×===×3361.221014.2/86.210ddGkNmVρ−−×===×18.814.232.39%14.2wwddssddmmgVgVgwmmggVgγργρρρ−−−======18.8110.464(1)2.6510(132.39%)sngwγρ=−=−=+××+0.4640.87110.464nen===−−1.4已知某土样的土粒比重为2.70,绘制土的密度ρ(范围为1.0~2.13/gcm)和孔隙比e(范围为0.6~1.6)的关系曲线,分别计算饱和度0,0.5,1.0rS=三种情况。(提示:三种饱和度分别计算,令11.0V=,设不同e,求ρ。列表计算结果,以ρ为纵坐标,e为横坐标,绘制不同rS的三条曲线)解:由wrvVSV=,得:wrvVSV=含水率:100%ρρρρρρ=×===①而,孔隙率:(1)(1)(1)111ssswgwgwegρρργρρ+++=−=−=−②联立①、②可得:1srwSeeρρρ+=+(1)当0rS=时,有2.7111srwsSeeeeρρρρ+===+++eρ0.60.81.01.21.41.62.71eρ=+1.691.501.351.231.131.04(2)当0.5rS=时,有0.52.70.5111srwswSeeeeeeρρρρρ+++===+++eρ0.60.81.01.21.41.62.70.51eeρ+=+1.881.721.601.501.421.35(3)当1.0rS=时,有2.7111srwswSeeeeeeρρρρρ+++===+++eρ0.60.81.01.21.41.62.71eeρ+=+2.061.941.851.771.711.65ρ-e11.21.41.61.822.20.60.811.21.41.6eρSr=0Sr=0.5Sr=1.01.5已知某土试样的土粒比重为2.72孔隙比为0.95,饱和度为0.37.若将此土样的饱和度提高到0.90时,每13m的土应加多少水?解:由饱和度的定义,有:111222wwrvswwrvsVVSVeVVVSVeV====则有:2121()Δ=−=−又由,1vsvssVVeVVVVe==+=+可得V那么,每13m的土应加的水为:2121213()()10.951(0.900.37)0.25810.95rr−Δ=−=−=+××−==+1.6已知土样试验数据为:含水率31%,液限38%,塑限20%,求该土样的塑性指数、液性指数并确定其状态和名称。解:塑性指数:()382018pLpIww=−=−=液性指数:31200.613820pLLPwwIww−−===−−根据《岩土工程勘查规范》(GB50021—2001),由于0.250.75LI≤,则该土为可塑状态。根据《建筑地基基础设计规范》(GB50007—2002),由于17PI,则该土为粘性土。1.7某地基土的试验中,已测得土样的干密度31.54/dgcmρ=,含水率19.3%w=,土粒比重2.71sG=。计算土的,renS和。若此土样又测得28.3%,16.7%LPww==,计算PLII和并描述土的物理状态,定出土的名称。解:土的孔隙比:2.7111110.761.54sssdddggegρρργρρ=−=−=−=−=土的孔隙率:0.760.43110.76ene===++土的饱和度:19.3%2.711068.82%0.7610.0srwwgSeργ××===×塑性指数:()28.316.711.6pLpIww=−=−=液性指数:19.316.70.2228.316.7pLLPwwIww−−===−−根据《岩土工程勘查规范》(GB50021—2001),由于00.25LI≤,则该土处于硬塑状态,根据《建筑地基基础设计规范》(GB50007—2002),由于1017PI≤,则该土为粉质粘土。1.8某砂土土样的密度为1.773/gcm,含水率为9.8%,土粒比重为2.67,烘干后测定最小孔隙比为0.461,最大孔隙比为0.943,求该砂土的相对密实度。解:该砂土土样的孔隙比为:(1)(1)(1)1112.67(19.8%)10.6561.77ssswgwgwegρρργρρ+++=−=−=−×+=−=相对密实度:maxmaxmin0.9430.6560.5950.9430.461reeDee−−===−−1.9某粘性土土样的击实试验成果如表1-17所示。表1-17粘性土土样击实试验成果含水率/%14.716.518.421.823.7干重度/3/kNm15.916.316.616.516.2该土的土粒重度327.0/skNmγ=,试绘出该土的击实曲线,确定其最佳含水率opw和最大干重度maxdγ,并求出相应于击实曲线峰点的饱和度与孔隙比。解:最佳含水率为:18.4%opw=,最大干重度为:3max16.6/dkNmγ=饱和度:18.4%opw=孔隙率:271110.6316.6ssddgeργγγ=−=−=−=由:100%ρρρρρρ=×===得:27.018.4%80.47%0.631.09.8ssrργρρ×====××击实曲线1.581.601.621.641.661.681.7014.716.518.421.823.7含水率/%干密度/(g/cm^3)干密度1.10有一砂土试样,经筛析后各颗粒粒组含量如表1-18所示。试确定砂土的名称。表1-18砂土试样的筛析结果粒组/mm0.0750.075~0.10.1~0.250.25~0.50.5~1.01.0含量/%8.015.042.024.09.02.0解:粒径大于0.075mm的颗粒含量有:15.0%42.0%24.0%9.0%2.0%92%85%++++=由砂土的分类表格可查得,该砂土为细砂。第二章土的渗透性与土中渗流2.1土样进行常水头试验,试验水头高度为1.0m,土样高度为6cm,横断面积为38.52cm。当渗流达到稳定后,量得30min内流经试样的水量为30003cm,求土样的渗透系数k。解:根据达西定理:hqkAkAilΔ==有:渗透系数:332300062.610/38.51003060qlQlcmcmkcmsAhAhtcmcm−×====×ΔΔ×××2.2将某粘土试样置于渗流仪中进行变水头渗流试验,当试验经过的时间tΔ为1h时,测压管的水头高度从1305.2hcm=降至2302.6hcm=。已知试样的横断面积A为35.12cm,高度l为3.0cm,变水头测压管的横断面积'A为1.12cm,求此土样的渗透系数k值。解:此土样的渗透系数:'26122121.13.0305.2ln()ln()0.22310/()35.16060302.6hAlcmcmcmkcmsAtthcmscm−×===×−××2.3如图2-14所示的基坑,坑外水深12.1hm=,坑内水深21.2hm=,渗流流网如图所示。已知土层渗透系数21.210/kcms−=×,a点、b点和c点分别位于地表以下3.5m、3.0m和2.0m。试求:(1)整个渗流区的单宽流量q。(2)ab段的平均渗流速度abv。(3)图中bca、、三点的孔隙水压力abcuuu、、。解:(1)基坑内外的总水头差为:122.11.20.9hhhm=−=