经典分析弥尔顿--失乐园分析

JohnMilton(1608—1674)HeremainedoutsidebothDonne’sandJonson’sinfluenceParadiseLosttakesitsplaceinwesternliteraturealongwithHomer’sIlliadandOdyssey,Virgil’sAneid《伊尼伊德》,andDante’sDivineComedyandinEnglishliteraturewithBeowulfandSpenser’sFairieQueene.1.JohnMilton'sTimes•1642-1649:EnglishCivilWar–King/AnglicanClergyvs.Parliament(dominatedbyPuritans)•ProtestantRevolution(DeathofKingCharlesI)•1649-1660:NoBritishKing–1649-1653:Commonwealth–1653-1658:ProtectorateofOliverCromwell–1660:Restoration(ofKingCharlesII)2.Milton’sReligion1).MiltonbelievedthateachindividualChristianshouldbehisownchurch,withoutanyestablishmenttoencumberhim.2).Inhislateryears,MiltoncametoviewallorganizedChristianchurches,whetherAnglican,CatholicorPresbyterian,asanobstacletotruefaith.3.Hisrevolutionarycareer1).Pamphleteeringinthecauseofreligiousandcivillibertyin1641-60.2).AppointedLatinSecretarytoCromwell’sCouncilofStatein1649.3).CensorandeditoroftheCommonwealthpaper,MercuriusPoliticuin1651.LatinDefenseofthePeopleofEngland.4).Totallyblindin1652andimprisonedforashorttimeaftertherestorationandthenretiredtoprivatelife.4.Milton’sliterarycareer•1625-1640:shortpoems:L’AllegroandIlPenseroso(1632),Comus(1634,宴会欢乐之神),andLycidas(1638)•1640-1660:pamphletsandtracts:Areopagitica(1644《论出版自由》);TheDefenseoftheEnglishPeople(1650);The2ndDefenseoftheEnglishPeople(1650).•1660-1674:ParadiseLost(1667),ParadiseRegained(1671),andSamsonAgonistes(1671).1).Milton’sWorksofHisEarlyDaysPoemswritteninCambridgeandatHorton:a.OntheMorningofChrist’sNativity《基督诞生晨颂》,firstimportantworkb.L’Allegro《快乐的人》Penseroso《幽思的人》c.Comus《科玛斯》amask假面剧,inblankversed.Lycidas《利西达斯》,expressingthepathos(哀颂)ofhisfriendEdwardKing’sprematuredeathtwinlyricalpoemsRhyme:abbacdeec2).Worksofhisadultyears:a.pamphletsonreligiousreformOfReformationinEngland《论英国改革》b.pamphletsonmarriageanddivorce:DoctrineandDisciplineofDivorce《离婚的戒律与学说》c.Areopagitica《论出版自由》aproseworkforthefreedomofthepressd.DefenceoftheEnglishPeople《为英国人民声辩》—Apamphletagainstthedivinerightoftheking.—Peoplemadetheking,sothekingshoulddoeverythingforthepeople.e.TheSecondDefenceoftheEnglishPeople《再为英国人民声辩》—AnanswertotheproductionsagainsttheCommonwealth.—Fightforthelibertyofthenationsintheworldandrecovertheirlostliberty.3).Milton’sworksofoldagea.ParadiseLostb.ParadiseRegainedc.SamsonAgonistes5.ParadiseLost(1667)1).OverviewofParadiseLost__Milton’smasterpiece.__Alongepicin12books.__takenfromtheOldTestament.__Majorcharacters:Satan,God,Archangel,Adam,Eve…__ItisaboutSatan’srebellionagainstGodandtheexpulsionofAdamandEvefromtheGardenofEden.•Thecreation•TherebellionofSatanandhisfellowangels•TheirdefeatandexpulsionfromHeaven•CreationoftheearthandofAdamandEve•SataninhellplottingagainstGod•Satan’stemptationofEve•DepartureofAdamandEvefromEden2).TheStoryofParadiseLostParadiseLost–LeadingUptotheBeginning•Atthebeginningofpoem,warinHeavenhasbeenoverfortwoweeks;•Forninedays,SatanandthosewhofoughtGodalongsidehimhavebeenlyinginHell,stunnedattheoutcome;•ThefirstcharactertomoveisSatan,whobeginsbyspeakingtoBeelzebub;•Startstosortofrallyhistroops.AtthecenteroftheconflictbetweenhumanloveandspiritualdutyliesMilton’sfundamentalconcernwithfreedomandchoice;thefreedomtosubmittoGod'sprohibitiononeatingtheappleandthechoiceofdisobediencemadeforlove.Eve,seducedbySatan’srhetoricandherownconfusedambitionfallsintosinthroughinnocentcredulity.AdamfallsbyconsciouslychoosinghumanloveratherthanobeyingGod.Thisistheerrorwhereinhisgreatnesslies.InthefallofmanAdamdiscoveredhisfullhumanity.Butman'sfallisthesequeltoanotherandmorestupendoustragedy,thefalloftheangels.Byliftinghisargumenttothatplane,Miltonraisestheproblemofevilinamoreintractableform.MiltonheldthatGodcreatedallthingsoutofHimself,includingevil.TherewasevilinHeavenbeforeSatanrebelled:Pride,Lust,Wrath,andAvaricewerethere.3).Themes:arevoltagainstGod’sauthorityAttheexaltationoftheSontheseforceseruptedandwerecastforth.ButGodsufferedthemtoescapefromHellandinfecttheEarth.Andthenthetragedywasre-enacted,butwithadifference—“Manshallfindgrace”.Buthemustlayholdofitbyanactoffree-will.ThefreedomofthewillisthekeystoneofMilton'screed.HispoemattemptstoconvinceusthattheunquestionabletruthofBiblicalrevelationmeansthatanall-knowingGodwasjustinallowingAdamandEvetobetemptedand,oftheirfreewill,tochoosesinanditsinevitablepunishment.And,thereby,itopensthewayforthevoluntarysacrificeofChrist,whichshowedthemercyofGodinbringinggoodoutevil.•OnlySixmajorcharacters–Satan,theleaderofthefallenangels(nowknownasdevils)–Beelzebub,Satan´sclosestfriend/ally–God,theFather–TheSon,alsoknownastheMessiah,Christ–Adam,thefirstman,livinginParadise–Eve,hiswife,supposedtobeunderhiscontrol4).ThecharactersSatan：arebelagainsttyrannyandSatanandhisfollowersresemblea_________________.MajorQuote:BettertoreigninHellthenserveinHeav'n!republicanParliamentSatan:ChineseView1.Arebelagainsttyranny2.Milton’smouthpiece,utteringhishatredoftyranny.3.Revoltagainstthedictatorandestablisheddoctrines.WesternViewSatan’squalitiesareperverted:evilandexaggerated.Satan'sdefianceofGodmanifests:hisegoisticpride,f