搜索
DefinitionChapter11.Stylisticsisanareaofstudywhichstraddlestwodisciplines:literarycriticismandlinguistics.Besides,itisdirectlyrelatedtoliteraryinterpretation,andmakeuseoflinguisticfactsandtheory.Chapter22.Styleasdeviancereferstothedistinctivenessofaliterarytextresidesinitsdeparturefromthecharacteristicsofwhatiscommunicativelynormal.e.g.p13Thephrase“agriefago”fromapoemofthatnamebyDylanThomas.ItviolatestworulesofEnglish:a)theindefinitearticleaclashessyntacticallywiththeuncountablenoungrief;b)thepostmodifyingadverbagoclashessemanticallywiththeheadwordgrief.Thehighlydeviantnatureofthephraseattractsmuchattentionfromthereadertoitself,andthusmakesitpossibleforthepoettoexpresswhatcannotbeexpressedthroughthenormaluseoflanguage.（汪洁）3.Bystyleaschoiceismeantthatstyleresultsfromatendencyofaspeakerorwritertoconsistentlychoosecertainstructuresoverothersavailableinthelanguage.e.g.InwritingTheEveofSt.Agnes,Keatsfirstproducedtheline,“Asthougharoseshouldcloseandbeabudagain”.Butwhenhere-readtheline,hesubstitutedthewordshutforclose:”Asthougharoseshouldshutandbeabudagain”4.Theviewofstyleasforegroundingisafurtherviewofstylewhichappearstobeacompromisebetweenviewofstyleasdevianceandviewofstyleaschoice.Thetermforegroundingisaconceptofpictorialarts,referringtothatpartofthecompositionthatappearstobeclosesttotheview.e.g.P19Whenhelaughed,respectablesenatorsburstwithlaughter,Andwhenhecriedthelittlechildrendiedinthestreets.(W.H.Auden,EpitaphonaTyrant)Audencouldhavechosenadifferentstructureforeachline,yethelimitedhimselftothesameoption.Theparallelstructureheredrawstheattentionofthereaderandmakeshimseethesematicconnectionbetweenthetwolines.Thisisatypeofforegrounding.（汪洁）Chapter35.Grammetrics:thewaysinwhichgrammaticalunitsarefittedintometricalunitssuchaslinesandstanzas.e.g.P35ThisIsJusttoSayIhaveeatentheplumsthatwereintheice-boxandwhichyouwereprobablysavingforbreakfastForgivemetheyweredelicioussosweetandsocoldItcreatesapulling-forwardeffect.Inoneline,althoughtheverbeatcaneithertakeanobjectornot,theabsenceofpunctuationattheendofthelinemakesusexpectone.Thuswearedrivenforwardtothesecondlinewhereourexpectationissatisfied.(章嫣羚)6.Affixation:istheadditionofaprefixorsuffixtoanitemwhichalreadyexistsinthelanguage.e.g.P46AndITiresiashaveforesufferedall.(T.S.Eliot)Thenoncewordforesufferediscoinedbyaddingtheprefix‘fore-’totheitem‘suffer’.Theprefix‘fore-’conveysthemeaning‘beforehand’andisnormallyreservedforjoiningwithsuchitemsas‘see’,‘tell’and‘warn’.Thenovelusehere,accordingtoLeech,encapsulatesanewlyformulatedidea:itispossibletoanticipatemysticallythesufferingofthefuture,justasitispossibleto‘foresee’and‘foretell’ortohave‘foreknowledge’ofthefutureevents.(章嫣羚)7.Graphology:theencodingofmeaninginvisualsymbols.e.g.P30Graphologicaldeviationcanoccurinanysub-areaofgraphology,suchastheshapeofthetext,thetypeofprint,grammetrics,punctuation,in-dentation,etc.[Thematic-fronting]8.Markedtheme:Theinitialunitofaclausemaybecalleditstheme.Therestofclauseelementsmightbeputinthethematicpositioninordertoachievecertainliteraryeffect.Thethemethusproducedisunusualandisthereforecalleda“marked“theme.E,g.P40Myopinionofthecoaltradeonthatriveris,thatitmayrequiretalent,butitcertainlyrequirescapital.TalentMr.Micawberhas,capitalMr.Micawberhasnot.(Dickens,DavidCopperfield).Inthesecondsentence,twoobjects----talentandcapitalwereplacedinthefrontofeachclause.Thefunctionoftheunusualclausethemeseemstobethree-fold:a)itneatlyknitstheparagraphtogetherandisthusapowerfuldeviceoftextualcohesion,b)itservestoformacontractinmeaningbetweenthetwoparallelclauses,c)itgivesmuchemphasistothetwowordsshiftedtotheinitialposition.（屈静华）9.compounding:compoundingisthecombinationoftwoormoreitemstomakeasinglecompoundone.NE,g.P47WhileI,joy-jumping,empty-eyedsangonthedaymyfatherdied.(EdwinBrook)Inthissentence,joy-jumpingisacompoundmadeuponthepatternofnoun+“ing”participle.Thiswordcoinedfromtheidiom“jumpforjoy”whichmeans“jumpbecauseofjoy”.Thedaywhen“my”fatherdiedcannotbeahappyday.Therefore,theextensionofthecompoundrulehereonanidiommakesthesituationdescribesinthepoemmuchmoreironical.Thewordempty-eyedisalsoacompound.Itmeans“onthedaymyfatherdied”“therearenotearsin‘my’eyes”.Here,theironicaleffectisfurtherreinforcedanddeveloped.（屈静华）10.Aphesis:theomissionofaninitialpartofaword.E,g.Thouonwhosestream,’midthesteepsky’scommotion,Loosecloudslikeearth’sdecayingleavesareshed,(P.B.Shelley,OdetotheWestWind)Thecompleteformofmid’inthelineis‘amid’.（夏莹）11.Apocope:theomissionofafinalpartofaword.E,g.Tilla’theseasgangdry,mydear,Andtherocksmeltwi’thesunIwilllovetheestill,mydear,Whilethesandso’lifeshallrun.(RobertBurns,ARed,RedRose)Here,Burnshasuseda’for‘all’,wi’for‘with’ando’for‘of’.（夏莹）12.Conversion:whichisoftendescribedas‘zeroaffixation’,istheadaptationofanitemtoanewgrammaticalfunctionwithoutchangingitsform.E,g.“I’llGoldenBullyou,yourascal!”roaredtheMajestyofPrussia.(Macaulay)ThenounphraseGoldenBullisturnedtoaverbtoconveythemeaning,tofight(someone)likeaGoldenBull.SinceGoldenBullwasusedasapropernounintheprecedingsentence,theconversationofitin