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ImprovingNYPDEmergencyPreparednessandResponseAugust19,2002ThisreportwaspreparedbyMcKinsey&CompanybaseduponinformationprovidedbytheNewYorkPoliceDepartment.August19,20021CONTEXT•TheattacksofSeptember11wereunprecedented.TheresponseoftheNewYorkPoliceDepartmentwasremarkableandheroicandcontributedtothesavingofcountlesslives.23membersoftheNYPDgavetheirownlivesonthatday.Nothinginthisreportisintendedtodetractfromthecourageousactionsofthem,theDepartment,orotherresponders•TheextraordinaryeventsofSeptember11havecausedaparadigmshiftinthewayU.S.andlocallawenforcementmustcontemplateemergencypreparednessandresponse.Wemustnowbereadyforcontingenciesthatseemedvirtuallyimpossiblejustmonthsago.Itiswithinthiscontextthatwehaveundertakenthisreview•ThepurposeofthisreviewistoexplorewhatlessonstheNYPDcanlearnfromtheeventsofSeptember11.ItisnotacritiqueoftheindividualactionsofNYPDpersonnel,butratheranattempttoidentifypotentialimprovementopportunitiesinordertobetterpreparetheDepartmentforfutureemergencies•TheNYPDaskedMcKinseytofacilitatethisreviewasanobjectivefactgathererandobserver,notasanexpertinemergencyresponse.Inthemain,itisasynthesisofobservationsandopinionsfromwithintheDepartment,drawnfrominterviews,surveys,anddocumentaryrecordsAugust19,20022CONTENTS•Executivesummary•Projectdescription•Findings–ReviewofNYPDobjectivesandhowwelltheywereachievedon9/11–AssessmentofNYPD’sinstrumentsofresponseandhowwelltheywerebroughttobear–Improvementopportunitiesforthefuture•Nextsteps•Appendices–AppendixA:Chronologyofkeyevents–AppendixB:SurveyfindingsAugust19,20023EXECUTIVESUMMARY•Focus.Thisreportistheresultofafour-monthcollaborationbetweenMcKinsey&Co.andtheNewYorkPoliceDepartment.OurfocushasbeentoconductaninternalreviewoftheNYPD’sresponsetotheattacksofSeptember11,andtodeterminewhatlessonsthedepartmentcanlearntoimproveitsdisasterpreparednessandresponsecapabilitiesgoingforward•Sourcesofdata.Ourfindingsarebasedonover100interviewsconductedwithmembersoftheserviceofallranksandvirtuallyallcommands,aswellasaseriesofsurveysadministeredtoover700officers(includingmanywhorespondedonthemorningofSeptember11).Inaddition,weweregrantedaccesstodocumentation,including,forexample,operationallogs,precinctdisasterplans,andtapesofradiotransmissions•WehaveexaminedtheeventsofSeptember11throughtwolenses:–Objectives.ThefirstpertainstotheobjectivesoftheNYPDduringadisaster,whichwehavedefinedasRescue,Transportation,SiteSecurity,Investigation,andCitywideSecurity.Wefurthersubdivideeachofthesecategoriesintoatotalof16specifictaskson9/11,suchastherescueofcivilianspriortothecollapseofthetowers(partofRescue),on-sitetrafficmanagement(partofTransportation),andperimetersecurity(partofSiteSecurity).WefindthattheDepartmentperformed10ofthe16taskseffectively,whilesixpresentedsignificantchallengesAugust19,20024EXECUTIVESUMMARY(CONTINUED)–Instruments.Thesecondarearelatestothe“instruments”attheNYPD’sdisposaltoachievetheseobjectives.WehavedefinedtheseinstrumentsasOperationalCommand,Communications,Personnel,Logistics/equipment,Intelligence,Training,andPlanning.Largelyasaresultoftheunprecedentednatureoftheattacks,wefoundthateachoftheseinstrumentsposedchallengesintheNYPD’sresponsecapabilitiestovaryingdegrees.ThisreviewconcentratesonthoseinstrumentsthatexhibiteddeficienciesinordertoidentifyimprovementopportunitiesandmaketheNYPDbetterpreparedforfutureemergencies•Improvementopportunities.Ourassessmentofresponseobjectivesandinstrumentsledtoalistofimprovementopportunities.Wehaveidentifiedtwentysuchopportunities,sixofwhichwebelievetobecriticalandworthyofimmediateattention:–AclearerdelineationofrolesandresponsibilitiesofNYPDleaders–Betterclarityinthechainofcommand–Radiocommunicationsprotocolsandproceduresthatoptimizeinformationflow–Moreeffectivemobilizationofmembersoftheservice–Moreefficientprovisioninganddistributionofemergencyanddonatedequipment–Acomprehensivedisasterresponseplan,withasignificantcounter-terrorismcomponent•Nextsteps.TheDepartmentwilldevelopandimplementspecificactionplanstoaddresseachoftheareasoutlinedinthisreportthroughthecreationofaseriesoftaskforces,whichwillturntheopportunitieswehaveidentifiedsofarintoactions.Wefurtherproposethat,whiletheseinternalimprovementopportunitiesarebeingaddressed,theNYPD(andtheCity)mustaddresstheissueofcoordinationamongthevariousfederal,state,andlocalagenciesinbothplanningfor,andrespondingto,catastrophicemergenciesAugust19,20025CONTENTS•Executivesummary•Projectdescription•Findings–ReviewofNYPDobjectivesandhowwelltheywereachievedon9/11–AssessmentofNYPD’sinstrumentsofresponseandhowwelltheywerebroughttobear–Improvementopportunitiesforthefuture•Nextsteps•Appendices–AppendixA:Chronologyofkeyevents–AppendixB:SurveyfindingsAugust19,20026FOCUSOFSTUDYFocusofstudy•InternalreviewoftheNYPD’sresponseon9/11•AssessmentoftheNYPD’sprimaryobjectivesinrespondingtoalargedisaster•AnalysisofthevariousmeansofresponseavailabletotheNYPDtoachieveitsobjectives•IdentificationofimprovementopportunitiesworthyofactionbytheDepartmenttoimproveitsresponsetofutureemergenciesOutofscope•Improveme