搜索
15Textualequivalence:thematicandinformationstructuresText:Theverbalrecordofacommunicativeevent;aninstanceoflanguageinuseratherthanlanguageasanabstractsystemofmeaningsandrelations.(p111)Cohesion:衔接Anetworkoflexical,grammatical,andotherrelationswhichprovidelinksbetweenvariouspartsofatext,andwhichorganizeandcreateatext;asurfacerelationwhichconnectstogethertheactualwordsandexpressionsthatwecanseeorhear.(p180)[Theconnectionbetweensuccessivesentencesintexts,conversations,etc.,insofarasitcanbedescribedintermsofspecificsyntacticunits.]Coherence:连贯Anetworkofrelationswhichorganizeandcreateatext;thenetworkofconceptualrelationswhichunderliethesurfacestructure.(p218)[Thewayinwhichthecontentofconnectedspeechortexthangstogether,orisinterpretedashangingtogether,asdistinctfromthatofrandomassemblagesofsentences.]Theme:Whattheclauseisabout.(p121)Rheme:Whatthespeakersaysaboutthetheme.(p122)Communicativedynamism（交际动力）:Theextenttowhichtheelementcontributestothedevelopmentofthecommunication.(p161)E.g.Partsofasentencerepresentinggiveninformationaresaidtohavethelowestdegreeofcommunicativedynamism(orCD),i.e.theamountthat,incontext,theycommunicatetoaddresseesistheleast.5.1AgeneraloverviewbasedontheHallidayanapproachtoinformationflow5.1.1Thematicstructure:themeandrhemeTheme:whattheclauseisaboutFunction:1)connectingbacktopreviousstretchesofdiscourse—orientation2)connectingforwardandcontributingtothedevelopmentoflaterstretches—departureRheme:whatthespeakersaysaboutthetheme—thegoalofdiscourseThemostimportant;whatthespeakerwantstoconveyThestructureofamessageineveryclause—Itsayssomething(therheme)aboutsomething(thetheme)(a)Thematicanalysiscanberepresentedhierarchically.(b)Someelementsarenotpartofthebasicthematicstructure.(c)Thedistinctionbetweenthemeandrhemeismoreorlessidenticaltothetraditionaldistinctionbetweensubjectandpredicate.5.1.1.1Thematicstructure:grammaticalityvsacceptabilitySubject-predicate——grammaticalityTheme-rheme——acceptability5.1.1.2Thematicstructure:textorganizationanddevelopmentthematicpatterning25.1.1.3Thematicstructure:markedvsunmarkedsequences◆Relationshipbetweenmeaning,choice,andmarkedness:1).Choice—Meaningiscloselyassociatedwithchoice,sothatthemoreobligatoryanelementis,thelessmarkeditwillbeandtheweakerwillbeitsmeaning.2).Expectedness—Thelessexpectedachoice,themoremarkeditisandthemoremeaningitcarries;themoreexpected,thelessmarkeditisandthelesssignificanceitwillhave.◆Thedegreeofmarkednessisdeterminedby:1)Frequency—Themorefrequentanelementinthemeposition,thelessmarkednessithas.2)Extentofmobility—Themoremobileanelementintheclause,themoremarkeditisasthetheme.(see‘Choice’)◆Thefunctionofmarkedtheme:Amarkedthemeisselectedspecificallytoforegroundaparticularelementasthetopicoftheclauseoritspointofdeparture.Localprominence(markedtheme)vsoveralldiscourseprominence(rheme)◆ThreemaintypesofmarkedthemeinEnglish:(a)Frontedtheme(b)Predicatedtheme—itclause(implyingcontrast)(c)Identifyingtheme—wh-clause(implyingcontrast)5.1.1.4AbriefassessmentoftheHallidayanpositionontheme※Markedstructureandtranslation1）MarkedSV(VS)Beneaththeemblemonatablestoodabigbox.Translatedversion:标志下面有张桌子，上面立着一个大盒子。（unmarked：一个大盒子立在标志下面的一张桌子上。）2）MarkedSVO(OSV)Thisloveofbrightcolorsshegotfromme,alongwithherredhair.HislearningIadmire,buthischaracterIdespise.Translatedversion:这种对鲜艳颜色的爱好她是从我这里继承去的，还有她那一头的红发。（她从我这里继承了这种对鲜艳色彩的爱好，还有她那一头的红发。）他的学识，我佩服；但他的人格，我鄙视。3）MarkedattributeAndIstainedthewaterclear.(theclearwater)荷塘四面，长着许多树，蓊蓊郁郁底（朱自清《荷塘月色》）Translatedversion:我玷污了这水的纯洁。Aroundthepondgrowsaprofusionoftrees,lushandluxuriant.4）MarkedadverbialNotforadayhasheneglectedhisduty.在银幕上，她是一名观众熟悉的演员；在文坛上，她又是一位享有盛誉的作家。3Translatedversion:他没有玩忽职守，一天也没有。（他一天也没有玩忽职守）Onthescreen,sheisawell-knownactress;inliterarycircles,sheisacelebratedwriter.5）Markedcomplex/compoundstructure今晚却很好，虽然月光也还是淡淡的。（朱自清《荷塘月色》）Translatedversion:Butonthisparticularevening,ithadacheerfuloutlook,thoughthemoonwaspale.Chinese:Topic-prominent（话题占突显地位）English:Subject-prominent（主语占突显地位）Asubject-prominentlanguageisalanguageinwhichthegrammaticalunitsofsubjectandpredicate(SV)arebasictothestructureofsentencesandinwhichsentencesusuallyhavesubject-predicatestructure.Atopic-prominentlanguageisoneinwhichtheinformationunitsoftopicandcommentarebasictothestructureofsentence.English:Theme-rheme主位-述位ModernEnglishsentences:83%--97%SVOTheme=PsychologicalSubject≈Subject5.1.2Informationstructure:givenandnew◆Theme-rhemedistinction—speaker-orientedGiven-newdistinction—hearer-oriented◆Given-before-newprinciple—end-focusprinciple—end-weightorganization5.1.2.1Howaregivenandnewsignalledindiscourse◆Spokenlanguage—stress◆Writtenlanguage—context;definiteness(given)/indefiniteness(new);grammaticalsubordination(given);inherentgivenness;cleft/pseudo-cleftstructures;lexicalstress;punctuation5.1.2.2Howisgivennessdetermined?◆ConsciousnessHowlongcananelementbeassumedtoremainintheaddressee’sconsciousness?Twovariables:thenumberofinterveningsentences;changeofscene5.1.2.3MarkedvsunmarkedinformationstructureSpoken—tonicaccentWritten—typographyorpunctuation5.1.