芝加哥论文格式

ChicagoManualStyle芝加哥论文格式总体介绍•论文格式的三大流行范式，关于英文学界论文的格式，目前被国际学术界广泛接受的主要有三种：•芝加哥论文格式（ChicagoManualStyle，CMS）•美国心理学会论文格式（AmericanPsychologicalAssociation，APA）•现代语言学会论文格式（ModernLanguageAssociation，MLA）历史渊源•CMS论文格式源于芝加哥大学出版社在1906年出版的ManualStyle，经过100多年的增补、修订、CMS确立了学术论文写作格式的权威地位。•TheChicagoManualofStyle目前已出至第十五版，书中的“格式指南”部分详细说明撰写论文时需要注意的细节，包括标点符号、人名和数字的写法、缩写、以及注释和书目的编制方法等，是撰写论文时，编写注释和参考书目之必要参考。Thissectionprovidesnoteformsforawiderangeofsources,frombooksandarticlestoelectronicmedia,basedonTheChicagoManualofStyle,15thedition,2003.Becausetypesofsourcesareproliferatingrapidly,youmayuseonethatisnotmentionedhere.Inthiscase,youshouldlookattheclosestalternativeandconstructyourownentryaccordingtothebasicprinciplesofChicagoManualformat.FootnotesandEndnotes脚注和尾注Thecitationofasourceinthenote-bibliographysystemisindicatedinthetextwithasuperscript(raised)number,whichreferstoanoteprovidinginformationaboutthesource.ThenotesWhentheyappearatthebottomofthepagefootnotesWhentheyarecollectedinasectionattheendofeachchapterorattheendoftheentirepaperendnotesDesignationofNotesintheTextAnoteisindicatedinthetextbyaraisedarabicnumeral.Thesuperscriptnumbershouldberaiseone-halfspace(notafullspace)abovethelineandshouldbeplaceddirectlyafterthematerial(withoutaspace)towhichthenoterefers.Thebestplacementofthenumberisattheendofasentence.Thenumberfollowsallpunctuationexceptthedash,anditshouldnotbeitalicized,circled,orfollowedbyaperiod.Thefollowingexamplesdemonstratecorrectandincorrectplacementofsuperscriptnumbers.RobertHeilbronerexplainsthat“theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldas‘modernman.1’”RobertHeilbronerexplainsthat“theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldas‘modernman.’”1×√RobertHeilbroner1explainsthat“theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldas‘modernman.’”×√“Theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldas‘modernman,’”accordingtoRobertHeilbroner.1“Theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldas‘modernman.’”-1ancientcivilizationswouldhavefoundthisprinciplealien.×√“Theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldas‘modernman’”1-ancientcivilizationswouldhavefoundthisprinciplealien.“Theprofitmotiveasweknowitisonlyasoldas‘modernman’”:1ancientcivilizationswouldhavefoundthisprinciplealien.√Bothfootnotesandendnotesareusuallynumberedconsecutivelywithinachapter,startingwithnumberoneineachnewchapter.Someinstitutions,however,recommendnumberingnotesthroughouttheentirethesis.exampleFirstReferenceandSubsequentReference首次引用和后续引用Thefirsttimeyouciteasourceinthenotes,giveacompleteentryinthecorrectformatforthebibliographicalstyleyouareusingthroughoutthepaper.ForabookAcompleteentryincludesthefollowinginformation(ifapplicable):completenameoftheauthortitleofthebooknameoftheeditor,compiler,ortranslatoredition(otherthanfirst)numberofvolumesortheindividualvolumenumberseriesandnumbercityandstateofpublication;publisherdateofpublicationpagenumber(s)LeonardShatzkin,InColdType:OvercomingtheBookCrisis(Boston:Houghton,1982),45.completenameoftheauthortitleofthebookcityandstateofpublicationdateofpublicationpagenumber(s)BenjaminWoolley,VirtualWorlds:AJourneyinHypeandHyperreality(Cambridge:Blackwell,1992),100.A:B:C：D:FirstReferenceandSubsequentReference首次引用和后续引用Thefirsttimeyouciteasourceinthenotes,giveacompleteentryinthecorrectformatforthebibliographicalstyleyouareusingthroughoutthepaper.ForaarticleinaperiodicalAcompleteentryincludesthefollowinginformation(ifapplicable):completenameoftheauthor(ifprovided)titleofthearticlenameoftheperiodicalvolumeandnumberoftheissuedatepagenumber(s)C.E.Nwezeh,“TheComparativeApproachtoModernAfricanLiterature,”YearbookofGeneralandComparativeLiterature,no.28(1979):22.completenameoftheauthor(ifprovided)titleofthearticlenameoftheperiodicalnumberoftheissuedatepagenumber(s)Afterthefirstcompletereferencenote,useashortenedformatforsubsequentreferencestothesamework.Inmostcases,thelastnameoftheauthorandthepagenumberservetoidentifythework.Subsequentreferencenotesshouldprovideenoughinformationtoallowthereadertolocatetheoriginalnoteorthebibliographyentry,buttheyshouldbenolongerthannecessary.SubsequentReference后续引用LeonardShatzkin,InColdType:OvercomingtheBookCrisis(Boston:Houghton,1982),45.Shatzkin,45.Whenmorethanoneworkbyanauthoriscited,eachsubsequentreferencemustincludenotonlythenameoftheauthor,butalsothetitleofthearticleorbook(shortenedwhenthetitleislong).后续引用中的一人多著作首次引用文献VaclavHavel,KeepingtheFaith:SummerMeditations(NewYork:Knopf,1990),15.VaclavHavel,LivinginTruth(NewYork:Knopf,1987),43.后续引用Havel,KeepingtheFaith,43.Havel,LivinginTruth,72.Foraworkwithmultipleauthors,givethelastnamesofuptothreeauthors.Whenaworkhasfourormoreauthors,givethenameofthefirstauthorfollowedbyetal.后续引用中的多人合著首次引用文献CleanthBrooksandRobertPennWarren,ModernRhetoric,4thed.(NewYork:Harcourt,1979),56.后续引用BrooksandWarren,89.Laueretal.,80.JaniceM.Laueretal.,FourWorldsofWriting(NewYork:Harper,1981),77.Whenyouhavemorethanoneauthorwiththesamelastname,includefirstnamesorinitialsinsubsequentreferences.同姓作者首次引用文献HelenC.White,TheMysticismofWilliamBlake(NewYork:Russell,1964),75.后续引用HelenC.White,77.E.B.White.95.E.B.White,Charlotte’sWeb(NewYork: