美国西进运动及淘金热

historicalbackgroundofMarkTwain'stimeGoldrush&WestwardexpansionTheGoldRushWestwardExpansionTheGoldRushisanimportantpartoftheWestwardExpansion.WestwardExpansionTime:late18C---late19Candearly20CEvents:AmericanRevolutionThePurchaseofLouisianaWarof1812TheTexasannexedTheCaliforniaGoldRushTheCivilWarReason：TheBritishProclamationof1763aboutprohibitingimmigrationintothewestofAppalachians(阿巴拉契亚山)hasbeabolishedbyAmericangovernmentTheneedsofmorelandThesupportofthegovernmentWestwardExpansionProcessProcessIttookAmericancolonistsacenturyandahalftoexpandasfarwestastheAppalachianMounts,afewhundredmilesfromtheAtlanticcoast.Ittookanother50yearstopushthefrontiertotheMississippiRiver.By1863,fewerthan100,000pioneershadcrossedtheMississippi.Stage1Stage2By1850,pioneershadpushedtheedgeofsettlementallthewaytoTexas,theRockyMountainandthePacificOcean.ThousandsoffamilieschalkedGTT(GonetoTexas)ontheirgatesorontheirwagons,andjoinedthetrekwestward.Stage3ManifestDestiny天定命运论ThebeliefthatitwasUSdestinytoexpandtowardsthePacific&perhapsfurther&tospreaditsversionofdemocracy&freedom.SignificanceByexpandingthenation’sborderstoincludemorethan3millionsquaremiles,theUnitedStatesbecameoneofthemostpowerfulnationsofthe20thcentury.Forgoodorill,theWestwardExpansionoftheseAnglo-AmericansettlerswasoneofthemostinfluentialforcestoshapeNorthAmericanhistory.However,thisexpansionalsoresultedingreatsuffering,destruction,andculturallossfortheNativeAmericansofNorthAmerica.TheTrailofTearsTheTrailofTearsisanamegiventotheforcedrelocationofNativeAmericannationsfromsoutheasternpartsoftheUSfollowingtheIndianRemovalActof1830.Withthewestwardexpansion,alargenumberofIndiansdiedontheroutetotheirdestinations,thesurvivorswereforciblyrushedtothemoredesolate“Reservations,andtheforcedmigrationroadofIndians,alsoknownasTearsoftheroad.TheTrailofTearsAmericanIndiansTodayThereweremorethan5millionIndianslivinginAmericanbeforeWestwardExpansion.Nowadays,2.5millionstillliveintheUS.AmericanvaluesdevelopedfromAmericanWestwardExpansionSelf-reliance自力更生Theruggedindividualism个人主义Inventivenessandthecan-dospirit创造力和敢作敢为的精神Equalityofopportunity平等的机会GatewayArch西进之门/圣路易斯大拱门TheGoldRush•January24,1848•goldwasfoundbyJamesW.MarshallatSutter'sMillinColoma,California•broughtbysailingshipsandcoveredwagons•300,000gold-seekers(calledforty-niners,asin1849)•mostofthenewlyarrivedwereAmericans•alsoattractedsometensofthousandsfromLatinAmerica,Europe,Australia,andAsia.GoldfieldsandsailingroutestoCalifornia,1849•March1848SanFrancisconewspaperpublisherandmerchantSamuelBrannan•hehadhurriedlysetupastoretosellgoldprospectingsuppliesFirstannouncement,SanFrancisco,1848•MexicanterritoryofAltaCalifornia•undercontroloftheSpanishEmpire•theywereconcentratedawayfromtheareasthatgoldwouldeventuallybefound•AmericanandEuropeansettlersdidbeganmovingtoAltaCaliforniaintheyearsprecedingthegoldrush,buttheytendedtosettleintheseestablishedregionsandwereaminorityofthepopulation•ashakyrelationshipwiththecentralgovernmentpowers•JuanBautistaAlvaradoledarebellionandtooktheofficeofgovernor•allowedAltaCaliforniatohavemorefreedomintheirowngovernmentinthefinalyearsofMexicanrule•Mexican–AmericanWar•aCaliforniomilitialeadinguptothesigningoftheTreatyofGuadalupeHidalgoonFebruary2,1848,lessthantwoweeksafterthediscoveryofgold•August19,1848•theNewYorkHerald——thefirstmajornewspaperontheEastCoasttoreportthediscoveryofgold•December5,1848PresidentJamesPolk•theGoldCountryofCaliforniaorMotherLode”•aghosttownofabandonedshipsandbusinesses•the“firstworld-classgoldrush”•forty-ninersfacedhardshipandoftendeathonthewayForty-niners•primarilyagriculturallyorientedAmericansandEuropeanslivinginNorthernCalifornia,alongwithNativeAmericansandsomeCalifornios(Spanish-speakingCalifornians).•Thelargestgroupofforty-ninersin1849wereAmericans•Forty-ninerscamefromLatinAmerica,particularlyfromtheMexicanminingdistrictsnearSonoraandChileForty-niners•primarilyagriculturallyorientedAmericansandEuropeanslivinginNorthernCalifornia,alongwithNativeAmericansandsomeCalifornios(Spanish-speakingCalifornians).•Thelargestgroupofforty-ninersin1849wereAmericans•Forty-ninerscamefromLatinAmerica,particularlyfromtheMexicanminingdistrictsnearSonoraandChileWhites,NativeAmericansandblacksengagedingoldprospecting,c.1850.Legalrights•Atfirst--peculiarlylawlessplaces•thetreatyendingthewar,February2,1848•September9,1850•LocalresidentsoperatedunderaconfusingandchangingmixtureofMexicanrules,Americanprinciples,andpersonaldictates.•theFugitiveSlaveActof1850encouragedthearrivaloffreeblacksandescapedslaves•Thebenefittotheforty-ninerswasthatthegoldwassimplyfreeforthetakingatfirst,noprivateproperty,nolicensingfees,andnotaxesForty-ninerpanningforgoldSluiceforseparationofgoldfromdirtwithwaterExcavatingariverbedafterthewaterhasbeendivertedCrushingquartztowashingoutgoldExcavatingagravelbedwithjets,circa1863Old-timegoldnuggetsfromTuolumneCounty,California;c.1in(25mm)Legacy(1)Statemotto,EurekaontheSealofCalifornia.(2)Californiastaterouteshield,withthenumber49andshapedlikeaminer'sspade.(3)Commemorativeco