Enlightenment&Revolutionary-War美国启蒙运动和美国战争.ppt

ChapterTwoRevolutionaryPeriod(1775-1783)“TheAgeofReason”“AmericanEnlightenment”Inthe18thcentury,peoplebelievedinman’sownnatureandthepowerofhumanreason.WithFranklinasitsspokesman,the18thcenturyAmericaexperiencedanageofreason.Wordshadneverbeensousefulandsoimportantinhumanhistory.Peoplewrotealotofpoliticalwritings.Numerouspamphletsandprintingswerepublished.TheseworksagitatedrevolutionarypeoplenotonlyinAmericabutalsoaroundtheworld.Spirituallifeofthecolonies—EnlightenmentOriginatedinEuropeinthe17thcenturytousecriticalreasontofreemindsfromprejudice,authority,oppression.The18th-centuryAmericanEnlightenmentwasamovementmarkedbyanemphasisonrationalityratherthantradition,scientificinquiryinsteadofunquestioningreligiousdogma,andrepresentativegovernmentinplaceofmonarchy.Enlightenmentthinkersandwritersweredevotedtotheidealsofjustice,liberty,andequalityasthenaturalrightsofman.Thecolonistswhowouldformanewnationwerefirmbelieversinthepowerofreason;theywereambitious,inquisitive,optimistic,practical,politicallyastute,andself-reliant.Resources:NewtonianIdeas:Theuniverseisseenasamechanismoperatingbyarationalformulaorbyunchanginglawsavailabletointelligenthumans.TheuniverseisharmonioussystemevidencingabenevolentGod.”.Mankindissupposedtohavetheabilitytodiscoverandunfoldall“Nature’slawsInfluenceofNewtonianIdeasNewtonianassumptionhelpedshapeanewimageofGod.Thereisalogicidea—mancanbeperfectedthrougheducation.Inthisreligiousthinking,allmenarecreatedequal.ThatideawouldeventuallyappearinTheDeclarationofIndependence.Enlightenmentinreligion—DEISMDEISMisareligiousphilosophy.Itbelievesthatreligioustruthisshownbyreasonappliedtoempiricalevents.Thisisincontrasttofideism-oftenfoundinChristianity,Judaism,andIslam–whichmaintainsthatreligioustruthisrevealedbyscripture,andpersonalrevelation.Deiststypicallyrejectsupernaturalevents(prophecy,miracles),assertingthatGoddoesnotinterveneinindividualhumanlives,orinthephysicallawsoftheuniverse.Whatorganizedreligionsseeasdivinerevelationandholybooks,mostdeistsbelievetobepersonalinterpretations.DeistsbelievethatGod'sgreatestgifttohumanityisnotreligion,buttheabilitytoreason.Deismbecamepopularduringthe17thand18thcenturies-duringtheAgeofEnlightenment-especiallyinTheUnitedKingdom,France,andTheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ThoseraisedasChristianswhofoundtheycouldnotbelieveineitherthetriumvirateGod,thedivinityofJesus,miracles,ortheinerrancyofscriptures,butwhodidbelieveinoneGod,wereoftendrawntodeism.Initiallynocongregationswereformed,butintimedeismwasinstitutionalizedasUnitarianism.Criticalelementsofdeistthought:RejectionofallreligionsbasedonbooksthatclaimtocontainthewordofGod.Rejectionofreportsofmiracles,prophecies,andreligiousmysteries.RejectionoftheGenesisaccountofcreation,andthedoctrineoforiginalsin.Constructiveelementsofdeistthought:Godexists,andgoverns.Godalsocreatedtheuniverse.Godwantshumanbeingstobehavemorally.Humanbeingshavesoulsthatsurvivedeath;thatis,thereisanafterlife.BasicprinciplesofEnlightenmentstressingeducation;stressingReason(Order);employingReasontoreconsiderthetraditionsandsocialrealities;concernsforcivilrights,suchasequalityandsocialjusticeSignificanceofEnlightenmentacceleratingsocialprogress;freeingpeoplefromthelimitationssetbyprevailingPuritanism;makingspiritualpreparationforAmericanRevolutionInfluenceonliteratureInform:imitatingEnglishclassicalwritersIncontent:utilitariantendency(forpoliticaloreducationalpurpose)Representatives:BenjaminFranklin,ThomasPaine,ThomasJeffersonetc.PartII.HistoricalIntroduction(1)Americanindependencewar(1775-1783)Doyouknowanythingabouttheblastingfuseofthewar?TheeconomyaggressionbytheBritishrulerin17631756—1763SevenYear’sWarTheSugarActin1764RequiredcolonisttopayfortaxoneachgallonofmolassesthatenteredthecolonistfromoutsidetheBritishEmpire.TheStampAct1765RequiredcolonisttopayfortaxstampsonnewspapersandvariouslegaldocumentsTheTownshendactsin1767Placedadutyonimportedgoodsincludingglass,lead,paintandpaper.AmericansrespondedbynotbuyingBritishgoods.TheTeaActof1773Toavoidpayingtheteatax,colonialmerchantssmuggledteainfromtheNetherlands.In1773,ParliamentpassedtheTeaact,whichmadeitpossiblefortheEastIndiaCom.tosellteabelowthepriceofthesmuggledtea.BritainbelievedthatthecolonistswouldbuytheEnglishteasinceitwascheaper.TheBostonTeaPartyin1773OnDec.16,1773,SamuelAdamsledpatriots,disguisedasIndians.OnaraidofBritishshipsdockedinBoston’sharbor.Theydumpedtheteaoverboard.1775,beginningoftheIndependenceWarJuly4th,1776,ThomasJefferson,JohnAdams,BenjaminFranklinDeclarationofIndependence1778,alliancewithFrance,turningpointforAmericanarmy,Englisharmysurrendered1783,formalrecognitionfromBritaingovernment,wontheindependence,foundedarepubliccountry.