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Compoundingisaprocessofwordformationbywhichtwoindependentwordsareputtogethertomakeoneword.ThewordformedinthiswayiscalledcompoundBlendingisaprocessofwordformationbywhichawordiscreatedbycombiningpartsofotherwords.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledblends.Frommorphologicalviewpoints,therearefourtypesofblending:Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledinitialismsoracronyms,dependingonthepronunciationofthewords.InitialismsarewordsformedbytheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaslettersEEC:EuropeanEconomicCommunityAcronymsarewordsformedbytheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaswords:OPEC:OrganisationofPetroleumExportCountriesAccordingtoLeonardBloomfield'spointofview,awordisaminimumfreeform,thatistosay,thesmallestformthatmayappearinisolation.Therearetwotypesoflinguisticforms:oneistheboundform,theotheristhefreeform.Aboundformisonewhichcannotoccuronitsownasaseparateword,e.g.thevariousaffixes:de-,-tion,-ize,etc.Afreeformisonewhichcanoccurasaseparateword.Forexample,thewordlovelycontainsthefreeformloveandthesuffix-ly.Thesuffix-lyinthewordlovely,ofcourse,isnotafreeform,becauseitcannotstandbyitself.Sowecallitaboundform.AwordisaminimumfreeformThemorphemecanbeconsideredasthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.1)Morphemesarecommonlyclassifiedintotwoformsaccordingtotheircharacter:oneisfreeform,andtheotherisboundform.2)Freemorphemes自由词素aremorphemeswhichcanoccurasseparatewords.Thatistosay,afreemorphemecanstandaloneasaword.3)Boundmorphemes粘着词素aremorphemeswhichcannotstandaloneaswords.Theyaremainlyaffixes.Thatistosay,aboundmorphemeisonethatmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,boundorfreeinaword.4)2)Morphemesmaybeclassifiedintotwocategoriesaccordingtotheirlexicalandgrammaticalrelationships:5)lexicalmorphemesandgrammaticalmorphemesLexicalmorphemesaremorphemesusedfortheconstructionofnewwordsasincompoundwordsGrammaticalmorphemesaremorphemesusedtoexpressgrammaticalrelationshipsbetweenawordanditscontext,suchaspluralityorpasttenseTherearethreetypesofwordsaccordingtomorphology:Simplewords,Compoundwords,ComplexwordsConversionConversionisamaintypeofword-formationassigningthebasetoadifferentwordclasswithnochangeofform.Forexample,theverbreleaseisconvertedtothenounrelease.Therearetwokindsofconversion:fullconversionandpartialconversion.Fullconversionisconversionasalreadydiscussedabove.Partialconversionisconversion,whereawordofonewordclassappearsinafunctionwhichischaracteristicofanotherwordclassThetypesofconversioncontainthreemajorwordclasses:nouns,verbsandadjectives.Conversionfromnountoverbandfromverbtonounarethemostproductivecategories.Conversioncanbeclassifiedintofourcategoriesaccordingtowordclasses.Affixationfallsintotwocategories:prefixationandsuffixationandthedifferencesbetweenthemarejustthedifferencesbetweenprefixesandsuffixes.Themajorprefixescanbeclassifiedinto10categoriesbytheirmeaning.NegativePrefixes否定前缀Reversativeorprivativeprefixes逆反前缀Pejorativeprefixes贬义前缀Prefixesofdegreeorsize表范围和程度的前缀Prefixesoforientationandattitude表方向和态度的前缀Locativeprefixes方位前缀Prefixesoftimeandorder表时间和顺序的前缀Numberprefixes数字前缀Conversionprefixes转化前缀Miscellaneousprefixes其他类型的前缀Etymologyisthestudyoftheoriginandhistoryofwordsandtheirmeanings.Etymologyprovidesbackgroundinformationandknowledgeaboutthehistory,originanddevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguageandincreasesthelearner'senjoymentandrealunderstandingofEnglishwordsfromtheirchangesofformsincludingtheirspellingsandpronunciationstothatofmeaningsstem:thepartofawordthatstaysthesamewhendifferentendingsareaddedtoit,forexample'driv-'in'driving'Infix:aformativeelementinsertedinawordaffix:prefixandsuffixprefix:agroupoflettersthatyouaddtothebeginningofawordtomakeanotherword.Intheword'unimportant','un-'isaprefix.Prefixeswithoppositeornegativemeanings:dis;-il;-im;-in;-ir;-un-multi-many;semi-half;anti-against;pro-infavourof;ex-former;post-after;over-toomuch;under-notenoughLanguageisasystemofsymbolsbasedonphysiology,psychologyandphysics.ItisaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformationusedforhumancommunicationinasocietyLinguisticsisthestudyofhumanspeechincludingtheunits,nature,structure,andmodification[change]oflanguage.Linguisticsconsistsofthreebraches:phonetics,grammarandlexicologyLexicologydealswithwords,theirorigin,development,history,structure,meaningandapplication.Lexicologyisthebranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Asynchronicapproachisanapproachtothestudyofalanguageatonepointoftime:Forexample:Shift:eachoftwoormoreperiodsinwhichdifferentgroupsofworkersdothesamejobsinrelay.Agroupofpeoplewhoworkinthisway.Adiachronicapproachisanapproachtothestudyofthechangeinalanguagethattookplaceoveraperiodoftime.Blackmarket黑市Whitemarket白市Graymarket灰市wordisaminimalfreeformoflanguagewhichhasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.Fourpoints:(1)Aminimalfreeformofalanguage;(2)Asoundunity;(3)Aunityofmeaning;(4)Aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.\Thereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionb