人格-Personality(英文版)

Myers’PSYCHOLOGYChapter15PersonalityWhatisPersonality?Personalityanindividual’scharacteristicpatternofthinking,feeling,andactingbasicperspectivesPsychoanalyticHumanisticThePsychoanalyticPerspectiveFromFreud’stheorywhichproposesthatchildhoodsexualityandunconsciousmotivationsinfluencepersonalityThePsychoanalyticPerspectivePsychoanalysisFreud’stheoryofpersonalitythatattributesourthoughtsandactionstounconsciousmotivesandconflictstechniquesusedintreatingpsychologicaldisordersbyseekingtoexposeandinterpretunconscioustensionsThePsychoanalyticPerspectiveFreeAssociationinpsychoanalysis,amethodofexploringtheunconsciouspersonrelaxesandsayswhatevercomestomind,nomatterhowtrivialorembarrassingThePsychoanalyticPerspectiveUnconsciousaccordingtoFreud,areservoirofmostlyunacceptablethoughts,wishes,feelingsandmemoriescontemporaryviewpoint-informationprocessingofwhichweareunawarePersonalityStructureIdcontainsareservoirofunconsciouspsychicenergystrivestosatisfybasicsexualandaggressivedrivesoperatesonthepleasureprinciple,demandingimmediategratificationPersonalityStructureSuperegothepartofpersonalitythatpresentsinternalizedidealsprovidesstandardsforjudgement(theconscience)andforfutureaspirationsPersonalityStructureEgothelargelyconscious,“executive”partofpersonalitymediatesamongthedemandsoftheid,superego,andrealityoperatesontherealityprinciple,satisfyingtheid’sdesiresinwaysthatwillrealisticallybringpleasureratherthanpainPersonalityStructureFreud’sideaofthemind’sstructureIdSuperegoEgoConsciousmindUnconsciousmindPersonalityDevelopmentPsychosexualStagesthechildhoodstagesofdevelopmentduringwhichtheid’spleasure-seekingenergiesfocusondistincterogenouszonesOedipusComplexaboy’ssexualdesirestowardhismotherandfeelingsofjealousyandhatredfortherivalfatherPersonalityDevelopmentFreud’sPsychosexualStagesStageFocusOralPleasurecentersonthemouth--(0-18months)sucking,biting,chewingAnalPleasurefocusesonbowelandbladder(18-36months)elimination;copingwithdemandsforcontrolPhallicPleasurezoneisthegenitals;copingwith(3-6years)incestuoussexualfeelingsLatencyDormantsexualfeelings(6topuberty)GenitalMaturationofsexualinterests(pubertyon)PersonalityDevelopmentIdentificationtheprocessbywhichchildrenincorporatetheirparents’valuesintotheirdevelopingsuperegosFixationalingeringfocusofpleasure-seekingenergiesatanearlierpsychosexualstage,whereconflictswereunresolvedDefenseMechanismsDefenseMechanismstheego’sprotectivemethodsofreducinganxietybyunconsciouslydistortingrealityRepressionthebasicdefensemechanismthatbanishesanxiety-arousingthoughts,feelings,andmemoriesfromconsciousnessDefenseMechanismsRegressiondefensemechanisminwhichanindividualfacedwithanxietyretreatstoamoreinfantilepsychosexualstage,wheresomepsychicenergyremainsfixatedDefenseMechanismsReactionFormationdefensemechanismbywhichtheegounconsciouslyswitchesunacceptableimpulsesintotheiroppositespeoplemayexpressfeelingsthataretheoppositeoftheiranxiety-arousingunconsciousfeelingsDefenseMechanismsProjectiondefensemechanismbywhichpeopledisguisetheirownthreateningimpulsesbyattributingthemtoothersRationalizationdefensemechanismthatoffersself-justifyingexplanationsinplaceofthereal,morethreatening,unconsciousreasonsforone’sactionsDefenseMechanismsDisplacementdefensemechanismthatshiftssexualoraggressiveimpulsestowardamoreacceptableorlessthreateningobjectorpersonaswhenredirectingangertowardasaferoutletAssessingtheUnconsciousProjectiveTestapersonalitytest,suchastheRorschachorTAT,thatprovidesambiguousstimulidesignedtotriggerprojectionofone’sinnerdynamicsThematicApperceptionTest(TAT)aprojectivetestinwhichpeopleexpresstheirinnerfeelingsandintereststhroughthestoriestheymakeupaboutambiguousscenesAssessingtheUnconscious--TATAssessingtheUnconsciousRorschachInkblotTestthemostwidelyusedprojectivetestasetof10inkblotsdesignedbyHermannRorschachseekstoidentifypeople’sinnerfeelingsbyanalyzingtheirinterpretationsoftheblotsAssessingtheUnconscious--RorschachNeo-FreudiansAlfredAdlerimportanceofchildhoodsocialtensionKarenHorneysoughttobalanceFreud’smasculinebiasesCarlJungemphasizedthecollectiveunconsciousconceptofashared,inheritedreservoirofmemorytracesfromourspecies’historyHumanisticPerspectiveAbrahamMaslow(1908-1970)studiedself-actualizationprocessesofproductiveandhealthypeople(e.g.,Lincoln)HumanisticPerspectiveSelf-Actualizationtheultimatepsychologicalneedthatarisesafterbasicphysicalandpsychologicalneedsaremetandself-esteemisachievedthemotivationtofulfillone’spotentialHumanisticPerspectiveCarlRogers(1902-1987)focusedongrowthandfulfillmentofindividualsgenuinenessacceptanceempathyHumanisticPerspectiveUnconditionalPositiveRegardanattitudeoftotalacceptancetowardanotherpersonSelf-Conceptallourthoughtsandfeelingsaboutourselves,inananswertothequestion,“WhoamI?”ContemporaryResearch--TheTraitPerspectiveTraitacharacteristicpatternofbehavioradispositiontofeelandact,asassessedbyself-reportinventoriesandpeerreportsPersonalityInventoryaquestionnaire(oftenwithtrue-falseora