《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比-英文ppt-Ch6

Chapter6Indexes,Scales,andTypologiesChapterOutlineIntroductionIndexesversusScalesIndexConstructionScaleConstructionTypologiesIndexandScaleIndexConstructedbyaccumulatingscoresassignedtoindividualattributes.ScaleConstructedbyassigningscorestopatternsofresponses,recognizingthatsomeitemsreflectaweakdegreeofthevariablewhileothersreflectsomethingstronger.QuestionInordertoachievebroadcoverageofvariousdimensionsofaconcept,researchersneedtomake____________.A.singleobservationsB.fieldresearchobservationsC.multipleobservationsD.noneofthesechoicesAnswer:CInordertoachievebroadcoverageofvariousdimensionsofaconcept,researchersneedtomakemultipleobservations.IndexandScale:SimilaritiesBothareordinalmeasuresofvariables.Bothrankorderunitsofanalysisintermsofspecificvariables.Botharemeasurementsbasedonmorethanonedataitem.IndexandScale:ScoringDifferencesIndexAccumulatescoresassignedtoindividualattributes.ScaleAssignscorestopatternsofresponses.QuestionWhichofthefollowingarecommoncharacteristicssharedbybothindexesandscales?A.bothareordinalmeasuresB.bothrank-orderunitsintermsofspecificvariablesC.botharecompositemeasuresD.allofthesechoicesAnswer:DThefollowingarecommoncharacteristicssharedbybothindexesandscales:bothareordinalmeasure,bothrank-orderunitsintermsofspecificvariables,andbotharecompositemeasures.Index-ConstructionLogicBelowarepoliticalactionswithsimilardegreesofactivism.Tocreateanindexwemightgivepeople1pointforeachoftheactionsthey’vetaken.Scale-ConstructionLogicBelowarepoliticalactionswithdifferentdegreesofactivism.Toconstructascalewemightscorepeopleaccordingtowhichoftheidealpatternsmostcloselydescribesthem.ConstructinganIndexSelectitemsforacompositeindex.Examineempiricalrelationships.Assignscoresforresponses.Handlemissingdata.Validatetheindex.SelectingItemsCriteriaFace(logical)validityUnidimensionalityGeneralorspecificVarianceQuestionWhichofthefollowingrepresentstepsintheconstructionofanindex?A.selectingpossibleitemsB.examiningempiricalrelationshipsC.scoringtheindexD.allofthesechoicesAnswer:DThefollowingrepresentstepsintheconstructionofanindex:selectingpossibleitems,examiningempiricalrelationshipsandscoringtheindex.BivariateRelationshipsAmongScientificOrientationItemsTrivariateRelationshipsAmongScientificOrientationItemsHypotheticalTrivariateRelationshipAmongScientificOrientationItemsEmpiricalRelationshipsEstablishedwhenrespondents’answerstoonequestionhelppredicthowtheywillanswerotherquestions.Iftwoitemsareempiricallyrelated,wecanarguethateachreflectsthesamevariable,andbothcanbeincludedinthesameindex.QuestionAnempiricalrelationshipisestablishedwhenrespondents’answerstoonequestionhelpus___________.A.observeastatisticalcorrelationbetweenthetwovariablesB.determinetheircurrentleveloftoleranceC.explainawaytheobservedcorrelationD.predicthowthey’llanswerotherquestionsE.noneofthesechoicesAnswer:DAnempiricalrelationshipisestablishedwhenrespondents’answerstoonequestionhelpuspredicthowthey’llanswerotherquestions.AssignScoresforResponsesTwobasicdecisions:Decidethedesirablerangeoftheindexscores.Decidewhethertogiveeachitemintheindexequalweightordifferentweights.WaystoHandleMissingDataExcludecaseswithmissingdatafromtheconstructionoftheindexandtheanalysis.Treatmissingdataasoneoftheavailableresponses.Analyzemissingdatatointerpretthemeaning.ValidatetheIndexItemAnalysis-internalvalidation.Externalvalidation-rankingofgroupsontheindexshouldpredicttherankingofgroupsinansweringsimilarorrelatedquestions.TechniquesofScaleConstructionBogardussocialdistancescale-measuresthewillingnessofpeopletoparticipateinsocialrelations.Thurstonescales-judgesdeterminetheintensityofdifferentindicators.TechniquesofScaleConstructionLikertscaling-usesstandardizedresponsecategories.Semanticdifferential-asksrespondentstorankanswersbetweentwoextremes.Guttmanscaling-usesanempiricalintensitystructure(mostcommon).SemanticDifferential:FeelingsaboutMusicalSelectionsThesemanticdifferentialasksrespondentstodescribesomethingorsomeoneintermsofopposingadjectives.ScalingSupportforChoiceofAbortionWomen’sHealthResultofRapeWomanUnmarriedNumberofCases+++677++-607ScaleTypes+--165---147Total=1,596ScalingSupportforChoiceofAbortionWomen’sHealthResultofRapeWomanUnmarriedNumberofCases-+-42+-+5MixedTypes--+2-++4Total=53IndexandScaleScoresResponsePatternNumberofCasesIndexScoresScaleScoresTotalErrorsScaleTypes+++677330++-607220+--165110---147000MixedTypes-+-421242+-+5235--+2102-++4234IndexandScaleScoresResponsePatternNumberofCasesIndexScoresScaleScoresTotalErrorsTotalScaleErrors=53Coefficientofreproducibility=1-NumberoferrorsnumberofguessesQuestionWhichoftheserepresentsaquestionnaireformatinwhichtherespondentisaskedtoratesomethingintermsoftwo?A.cross-sectionalstudiesB.longitudinalstudiesC.semanticdifferentialD.allofthesechoicesAnswer:CSemanticdifferentialrepresentsaquestionnaireformatinwhichtherespondentisaskedtoratesomethingintermsoftwo.TypologiesTheclassification(typicallynominal)ofobservationsintermsoftheirattributesontwoormorevariables.Th