搜索
专八改错2012真题Thecentralproblemoftranslatinghasalwaysbeenwhethertotranslateliterallyorfreely.Theargumenthasbeengoingsinceatleastthefirst(1)______centuryB.C.Uptothebeginningofthe19thcentury,manywritersfavouredcertainkindof“free”translation:thespirit,nottheletter;the(2)_______sensenottheword;themessagerathertheform;thematternot(3)_______themanner.Thisistheoftenrevolutionarysloganofwriterswho(4)_______wantedthetruthtobereadandunderstood.Thenintheturnof19th(5)_______century,whenthestudyofculturalanthropologysuggestedthatthelinguisticbarrierswereinsuperableandthatthelanguage(6)_______wasentirelytheproductofculture,theviewtranslationwasimpossible(7)_______gainedsomecurrency,andwithitthat,ifwasattemptedatall,itmustbeas(8)_______literalaspossible.Thisviewculminatedthestatementofthe(9)_______extreme“literalists”WalterBenjaminandVladimirNobokov.Theargumentwastheoretical:thepurposeofthetranslation,thenatureofthereadership,thetypeofthetext,wasnotdiscussed.Toooften,writer,translatorandreaderwereimplicitlyidentifiedwitheachother.Now,thecontexthaschanged,andthebasicproblemremains.(10)_____2011真题2010年真题Sofaraswecantell,allhumanlanguagesareequallycompleteandperfectasinstrumentsofcommunication:thatis,everylanguageappearstobewell1equippedasanyothertosaythethingstheirspeakerswanttosay.2Theremayormaynotbeappropriatetotalkaboutprimitivepeoplesor3cultures,butthatisanothermatter.Certainly,notallgroupsofpeopleareequallycompetentinnuclearphysicsorpsychologyorthecultivationofriceortheengravingofBenaresbrass.Whereasthisisnotthefaultoftheirlanguage.4TheEskimoscanspeakaboutsnowwithagreatdealfurtherprecisionand5subtletythanwecaninEnglish,butthisisnotbecausetheEskimolanguage(oneofthosesometimesmiscalled'primitive')isinherentlymorepreciseandsubtlethanEnglish.ThisexampledoesnotcometolightadefectinEnglish,6ashowofunexpected'primitiveness'.ThepositionissimplyandobviouslythattheEskimosandtheEnglishliveinsimilarenvironments.TheEnglish7languagewillbejustasrichintermsfordifferentkindsofsnow,8presumably,iftheenvironmentsinwhichEnglishwashabituallyusedmadesuchdistinctionasimportant.9Similarly,wehavenoreasontodoubtthattheEskimolanguagecouldbeaspreciseandsubtleonthesubjectofmotormanufactureorcricketifthesetopicsformedthepartoftheEskimos'life.Forobvioushistoricalreasons,10Englishmeninthenineteenthcenturycouldnottalkaboutmotorcarswiththeminutediscriminationwhichispossibletoday:carswerenotapartoftheirculture.Buttheyhadahostoftermsforhorse-drawnvehicleswhichsendus,puzzled,toahistoricaldictionarywhenwearereadingScottorDickens.Howmanyofuscoulddistinguishbetweenachaise,alandau,avictoria,abrougham,acoupe,agig,adiligence,awhisky,acalash,atilbury,acarriole,aphaeton,andaclarence?2009年真题Theprevioussectionhasshownhowquicklyarhymepassesfromoneschoolchildtothenextandillustratesthefurtherdifference(1)_____betweenschoolloreandnurserylore.Innurseryloreaverse,learntinearlychildhood,isnotusuallypassedonagainwhenthelittlelistener(2)__hasgrownup,andhaschildrenoftheirown,orevengrandchildren.(3)_____TheperiodbetweenlearninganurseryrhymeandtransmittingItmaybesomethingfromtwentytoseventyyears.Withtheplayground(4)_____lore,therefore,arhymemaybeexcitedlypassedonwhtintheveryhour(5)_____itislearnt;andinthegeneral,itpassesbetweenchildrenofthe(6)_____sameage,ornearlyso,sinceitisuncommonforthedifferenceinagebetweenplaymatestobemorethanfiveyears.Iftherefore,aplaygroundrhymecanbeshowntohavebeencurrentlyforahundredyears,or(7)_____evenjustforfifty,itfollowsthatithasbeenretransmittingoverandover;verypossiblyithaspassedalongachainoftwoorthree(8)_____hundredyounghearersandtellers,andthewonderisthatitremainslive(9)____aftersomuchhandling,toletalonethatitbearsresemblancetothe(10)____originalwording.2008年真题Thedesiretouselanguageasasignofnationalidentityisaverynaturalone,andinresultlanguagehasplayedaprominent(1)__________partinnationalmoves.Menhaveoftenfelttheneedtocultivate(2)__________agivenlanguagetoshowthattheyaredistinctivefromanother(3)__________racewhosehegemonytheyresent.AtthetimetheUnitedStates(4)___________splitofffromBritain,forexample,therewereproposalsthatindependenceshouldbelinguisticallyacceptedbytheuseofa(5)__________differentlanguagefromthoseofBritain.Therewasevenone(6)__________proposalthatAmericansshouldadoptHebrew.OthersfavouredtheadoptionofGreek,thought,asonemanputit,thingswouldcertainlybesimplerforAmericansiftheystuckontoEnglish(7)__________andmadetheBritishlearnGreek.Attheend,aseveryone(8)__________know,thetwocountriesadoptedthepracticalandsatisfactorysolutionofcarryingwiththesamelanguageasbefore.(9)__________Sincenearlytwohundredyearsnow,theyhaveshowntheworld(10)_________ThatpoliticalindependenceandnationalidentitycanbecompleteWithoutsacrificingtheenormousmutualadvantagesofacommonlanguage.2007年真题Fromwhathasbeensaid,itmustbeclearthatnoonecanmakeverypositivestatementsabouthowlanguageoriginated.Thereisnomaterialinanylanguagetodayandintheearliest(1)_____________recordsofancientlanguagesshowuslanguageinanewand(2)_____________emergingstate.Itisoftensaid,ofcourse,thatthelanguage(3