英语国家概况chapter9

TheUnitedStatesofAmerica英语国家概况英语国家概况Chapter9HistoryTheUnitedStatesofAmerica英语国家概况ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAmericaintheColonialEraITheWarofIndependenceIITheCivilWarIIIAmericainthe20thCenturyIVAmericainthe21stCenturyVCONTENTForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAmericaintheColonialEraI1.2BostonTeaParty1.3TheFirstContinentalCongress1.1PilgrimFathers•ThefirstAmericans:Indians,descendantsoftheMongoloid(蒙古人的）peopleinAsia.•Aboutatleast12,000yearsago,theytraveledtotheNorthAmericancontinent.•ChristopherColumbusisbelievedtohavediscoveredAmerica.•Followinghisfootsteps,AmerigoVespucci,andItaliannavigator,discoveredthecontinentofSouthAmerica,whichwaslaternamedafterhim.ThefirstsuccessfulEnglishcolonyinNorthAmericawasfoundedatJamestown,Virginia,in1607.In1620,Puritans—thePilgrimFatherssailedforVirginiaaboardtheshipMayflower.ReasontofleefromEngland:toavoidthereligiouspersecutionLandedinwhatisnowPlymouth,Massachusetts.•By1733,Englishsettlershadoccupied13coloniesalongtheAtlanticcoast.•ElsewhereinNorthAmerica,theFrenchcontrolledCanadaandLouisiana.•AftertheSevenYears’War,EnglandgainedcontrolofCanadaandallofNorthAmericaeastoftheMississippiin1763.波士顿倾茶事件TheindependenceoftheMassachusettscolonialgovernmentwascurtailed剥夺,andmoreBritishsoldiersweresenttothePortofBoston.Englandanditscolonieswereinconflict.In1773,patriotsstagedthe“BostonTeaParty”inresponsetotheteatax.BritishParliamentthenpassedTheIntolerableActs:TheyboardedBritishmerchantshipsandtossed342crates箱ofteaintoBostonharbor.•英国在取得对法国的“七年战争”胜利后，为转嫁战争军费负担，掠夺殖民地的各种资源，加强了对北美殖民地的控制与压榨。•1765年3月22日，英国议会通过了《印花税法》，许多殖民地开始开展抵制英货的运动，直到1766年3月，英国议会在进行了一场辩论后，最后同意撤销《印花税法》。•1767年1月，英国议会在财政大臣查尔斯·唐森德的建议下，通过了一个新的税收法案《唐森德税法》，北美殖民地因为该法案再次开展大规模抵制英货，英国因此向殖民地地区派遣了大量的军队，但由于军纪不严，严重滋扰当地居民的日常生活，英国士兵与城市居民的关系日益恶化。波士顿倾茶事件以后，英国政府认为这是对殖民当局正常统治的恶意挑衅，为压制殖民地民众的反抗，1774年3月英国议会通过了惩罚性的法令，即《波士顿港口法》、《马萨诸塞政府法》、《司法法》和《驻营法》。这四项法令通称为强制法令，规定英军可强行进驻殖民地民宅搜查，取消马萨诸塞的自治地位，封闭北美最大的港口波士顿港。这些法令明显地剥夺了殖民地人民的政治和司法权利，激起了他们的联合反抗，直接导致了第一届大陆会议的召开，拟就呈交英皇的请愿书和抵制英货的法案。•1773年12月16日，波士顿8000多人集会抗议。当天晚上，在塞缪尔·亚当斯(SamuelAdams)和约翰·汉考克(JohnHancock)的领导下，60名“自由之子”化装成印第安人上了茶船，将东印度公司三条船上的342箱茶叶全部倾倒入海。TheFirstContinentalCongress—September,1774AmeetingofcolonialleaderswhoopposedBritishoppressionwasheldinPhiladelphia.TheyurgedAmericanstodisobeyTheIntolerableActsandtoboycott(抵制)Britishtrade.Atthesametime,thecolonistsbegantodefendthemselves.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress1.3TheFirstContinentalCongressTheFirstContinentalCongress—September,1774AmeetingofcolonialleaderswhoopposedBritishoppressionwasheldinPhiladelphia.TheyurgedAmericanstodisobeyTheIntolerableActsandtoboycott(抵制)Britishtrade.Atthesametime,thecolonistsbegantodefendthemselves.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressTheWarofIndependenceII2.1TheShotofLexington2.2TheSecondContinentalCongress2.3DeclarationofIndependence2.4ProcessoftheWar2.5TheEstablishmentoftheConstitutionForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressOnApril19,BritishtroopsweresenttoLexingtonandConcord康科德todisarmtheAmericanmilitiamen民兵.ThefirstshotintheAmericanWarofIndependence.2.1TheShotofLexingtonForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress2.2TheSecondContinentalCongressHeldinPhiladelphiainMay1775Actasaprovisional临时的governmentofthe13colony-states•FoundingContinentalArmyandNavyunderthecommandofGeorgeWashington.•Printingpapermoneyandopeningdiplomaticrelationswithforeignpowers.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressGeorgeWashington,awealthyVirginiaplanter,wasrespectedasamanofabilityandintegrity正直.•Onceacolonel上校intheFrenchandIndianWar;•OneofthefewAmericanswithconsiderablemilitaryexperience;•LedthecontinentalarmytothevictoryoftheIndependenceWar.GeorgeWashington2.2TheSecondContinentalCongressForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress2.3DeclarationofIndependenceOnJuly4,1776,theDeclarationofIndependencewassigned.Q.WhatdoestheDeclarationofIndependencetellus?A:Ittellsofthetheoryofpolitics,whichlatteriscentraltotheWesternpoliticaltradition:•Menhasanaturalrightto“Life,Libertyandthepursuitofhappiness”.•Governmentcanruleonlywith“theconsent同意ofthegoverned”;•Anygovernmentmaybedissolvedwhenitfailstoprotecttherightofthepeople.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressTheDeclarationofIndependencewasdraftbyThomasJefferson.Ithadtwoparts:Thefirstpartjustifiedtherightofpeopletorebelagainstagovernmentthatdeniedthemtheirnaturalrights.Thesecondpartwasadetailedindictment控诉ofKingGeorgeforcruelties,crimesandillegalpoliticalactsagainsthumanityandAmerica.2.3DeclarationofIndependenceForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressAfterbeingprinted,thecopiesweresentout,broadcastandreadtocrowdseverywhere.Thedocumentgreatlyencouragedthestrugglingpeople,makingthemthinkthattheyshouldbeindependentandhavetherighttoenjoyliberty.Theywerebeginningtoshowmoreinterestsinacommoncause.Bothagreatinflu