英语国家概况-英国Unit-5-Judiciary

UnitfiveJudiciary英国司法Contents1.TheRuleofLaw2.SourcesofLaw3.TheCourtSystem4.JudicialProceedings5.TheLegalProfession6.LawandOrderThejudiciarysystemoftheUK:amongtheoldestandmosttraditionalofBritishinstitutions.TheU.S.:legislative,executiveandjudicialTheU.K.:noministryofjustice没有司法部EnglandandWales:LordChancellor---theHouseofLords(supremeexecutivebodyofthelaw)ThereisnosinglelegalsystemintheUK.ThereisageneralsimilaritybetweentheseparatesystemofEnglandandWalesandofNorthernIreland.AfeaturecommontoallsystemoflawintheUkisthatthereisnocompletecodeAnothercommonfeatureisthedistinctionmadebetweencriminallaw(concernedwithwrongsagainstthecommunityasawhole)andcivillaw(concernedwithdisputesbetweenindividualsabouttheirrights,dutiesandobligationsbetweenindividualsandcompanies,andbetweenonecompanyandanother.1.TheRuleofLawTheunwrittenBritishConstitution1.Boundbythelaw2.Equalbeforethelaw3.Lawandorder4.Legalredress5.Freefrompoliticalpressures2.SourceofLawCommonlawStatutelawEuropeanUnionLaw2.1Commonlaw习惯法Developedoverthecenturiesthroughcourtdecisionsbutunmodifiedinpreviouslegalcases,calledprecedents判例DifferentfromwrittencodesderivedfromRomanlaw2.2Statutelaw成文法FormalwrittenlawspassedbytheWestminsterorScottishParliamentsSupremeoverotherlaws,includingcommonlaw2.3EuropeanUnionLawUKentertheEECin1973ConfinedtoeconomicandsocialmattersEUlawtakesprecedenceoverBritishdomesticlaw—ActsofParliament.TheEuropeanCourt(Luxembourg卢森堡):themostauthoritativerulingsScottishlaw:Romanlaw,EnglishcanonlawandinfluencesofotherEuropeansystems.NorthernIreland’slegalsystem:similartothatofEnglandandWales3.ThecourtsystemCriminallaw:theruleslaiddownbythestateforcitizensandactspunishablebythestateCivillaw:governstherelationshipsandtransactionsAdministrativelaw行政法:(specialsortofcivillaw)concernstheinteractionsofcitizenswiththestate—thequestionofcitizenrightsandredress（赔偿）ofgrievance（申诉）.England,WalesandNorthernIreland:commonlawsystemScotland:ahybridsystem—thecommonlawandthecivillawsystemEnglandandWales:onecourtsystem—theprincipaloneintheUKTheimmigration,theAsylumandImmigrationTribunal’sjurisdiction---tothewholeoftheUK3.1CriminalcourtsMinorcriminaloffenses:summaryoffences（轻罪/违纪）simpletheftorvandalism(故意损害）heardinlocalmagistrates’courtseitherby3laymagistrates(JusticsofthePeace,JPs)oraprofessionalstipendiarymagistrate（治安官）Moreseriousoffenses:indictable-onlyoffences（只可被控告的罪行）passonbymagistrates’courts（治安法庭）totheCrownCourt（刑事法庭）whenthedefendantpleadsguilty,ajuryisnotrequiredtheHouseofLords:thehighesttheCrownCourtthemagistrates’courtsEither-waycases:fallinbetweensummaryoffencesandindictable-onlyoffencesNorthernIreland:similartothatofEnglandandWalesOwncourtsystemthesuperiorcourts:theSupremeCourtofJudicaturetheCourtofAppeal,theHighCourttheCrowncourtScotlandMinorcases:triedbylayJusticesofthePeaceindistrictcourtsMoreseriouscases:triedinSheriff’scourtsThemostseriouscases:dealtwithbytheCourtofJusticiary,heardbyajudgeandajuryof15laypeople.3.2CivilcourtsThecountycourts:90%ofcivilcasesMagistrates’courtsTheHighCourtTheFamilyDivision家事法庭TheChanceryDivision大法官分庭Queen’sBenchDivision王座分庭Scotland:mostheardinsheriff’scourtwithsomeexceptionsinthehigherCourtofSessionNorthernIreland:mostintheHighCourt3.3TheHouseofLordsAllappealstotheHouseofLordsareaboutthemeaningofthelaw,ratherthantheevidenceinacase.TheAppellateCommittee（司法职能委员会）oftheHouseofLordsreceivesappeals.TheLordChancellor（上议院大法官）anduptofivelawLordshearthecaseandmakethedecisiononthebasisofthecurrentstateofthelaw.3.4TribunalsAmoreinformalandlessexpensivealternativetocivilandcriminalcourtsConsistsoflaypeople:chairedbyalegallyqualifiedperson,appointedbytheLordChancellorAnindependentCouncilonTribunalssupervisetribunalsTheCourtSystemCivilbranchCriminalbranchCountyCourtMagistrates’Court(JPs,stipendiarymagistrates)CrownCourtHighCourt(QBD,CCD,FD)CourtofAppealCourtofAppealHouseofLords4.JudicialProceedingsEnglandandWales:policechargeapersonwithacriminaloffencetheCrownProsecutionService（皇家检控署）reviewtheevidenceanddecidewhethertoprosecuteScotland:theCrownOffice(皇家办公室）NorthernIreland:thePoliceandtheDirectorofPublicProsecutions（警察和总检察长）Afterprosecution,arrestsmadepoliceSuspectchargedandbroughtbeforethecourtwithin24hoursCriminaltrials:opentothepublicanadversarialcontestbetweentheprosecutionandthedefenceAnaccusedpersonispresumedinnocentuntilprovedguilty.Unabletopayorseriouscases,grantedpubliclyfundedlegalaid司法援助TheJudgepresidesoverthedebateMagistrates’courts:themagistratedecidesboththeverdictandsentenceThecrowncourts:jurytrial:fellowcitizenstomakeacommon-sensedecisionbasedonfactsregardingeithertopunishoracquit.Ajury:12inE,W,NI.15inScotlandage:18—65Judgegivesasummary----juryvote---jurydeliverstheverdictbymajorityvote---thejudgepronouncessentences5.ThelegalprofessionTheLordChancellor:headofthejudiciaryDuties:recommendsalljudicialappointmentstotheCrownandappointsmagistrates.(PrimeMinisterrecommendsthelawlordsandtheLordsofAppealinOrdinary上议院法律议员)AttorneyGeneral司法部长:thechieflegaladviseroftheCrowninEnglanda