《社会研究方法》艾尔巴比-英文ppt-Ch14

Chapter14QuantitativeDataAnalysisChapterOutlineIntroductionQuantificationofDataUnivariateAnalysisSubgroupComparisonsBivariateAnalysisIntroductiontoMultivariateAnalysisSociologicalDiagnosticsQuantitativeAnalysisNumericalrepresentationandmanipulationofobservationsforthepurposeofdescribingandexplainingthephenomenathatthoseobservationsreflect.DevelopingCodeCategoriesTwobasicapproaches:Beginningwithacodingschemederivedfromtheresearchpurpose.Generatecodesfromthedata.StudentResponsesThatCanBeCoded“FinancialConcerns”FinancialConcernsTuitionistoohighxNotenoughparkingspacesFacultydon’tknowwhattheyaredoingBookscosttoomuchNotenoughclassesofferedNotenoughfinancialaidxQuestionToconductaquantitativeanalysis,researchersoftenmustengageina__________afterthedatahavebeencollected.A.codingprocessB.case-orientedanalysisC.experimentalanalysisD.fieldresearchstudyAnswer:AToconductaquantitativeanalysis,researchersoftenmustengageinacodingprocessafterthedatahavebeencollected.CodebookDocumentthatdescribesthelocationsofvariablesandliststheassignmentsofcodestotheattributescomposingthosevariables.CodebookConstructionPurposes:Primaryguideusedinthecodingprocess.Guideforlocatingvariablesandinterpretingcodesinthedatafileduringanalysis.APartialCodebookEnteringDataDataentryspecialistsenterthedataintoanSPSSdatamatrixorExcelspreadsheet.Opticalscansheets.Partoftheprocessofdatacollection.QuantitativeAnalysisUnivariate-simplestform,describeacaseintermsofasinglevariable.Bivariate-subgroupcomparisons,describeacaseintermsoftwovariablessimultaneously.Multivariate-analysisoftwoormorevariablessimultaneously.UnivariateAnalysisDescribingacaseintermsofthedistributionofattributesthatcompriseit.Example:Gender-numberofwomen,numberofmen.PresentingUnivariateDataGoals:Providereaderwiththefullestdegreeofdetailregardingthedata.Presentdatainamanageablefrom.GSSAttendanceatReligiousServices,2000BarChartofGSSAttend,2000FrequencyDistributionDescriptionofthenumberoftimesthatthevariousattributesofavariableareobservedinasample.MeasurementAverageMeasureofcentraltendency.MeanResultofdivingthesumofthevaluesbythetotalnumberofcases.MeasurementModeThemostfrequentlyoccurringattribute.MedianMiddleattributeintherankeddistributionofobservedattributes.Three“Averages”DispersionReferstothewayvaluesaredistributedaroundsomecentralvalue.StandardDeviationIndexoftheamountofvariabilityinasetofdata.HighandLowStandardDeviationsContinuousandDiscreteVariablesContinuousvariableIncreasessteadilyintinyfractions.DiscretevariableJumpsfromcategorytocategorywithoutinterveningsteps.SubgroupComparisonsDescribesubsetsofcases,subjectsorrespondents.ExamplesCollapsingresponsecategories.Handlingdon'tknows.“HowistheUNdoinginsolvingtheproblemsithashadtoface?”WestGermanyBritainFranceJapanU.S.Verygood2%7%2%1%5%Good4639451146Poor2128224327Verypoor693513Don’tKnow2617284110CollapsingExtremeCategoriesWestGermanyBritainFranceJapanU.S.Goodorbetter48%46%47%12%51%Poororworse2737254840Don’tKnow2617284110Handling“don’tknows”WestGermanyBritainFranceJapanU.S.Goodorbetter65%55%65%20%57%Poororworse3545358144BivariateAnalysisDescribeacaseintermsoftwovariablessimultaneously.Example:GenderAttitudestowardequalityformenandwomenConstructingBivariateTablesDividecasesintogroupsaccordingtotheattributesoftheindependentvariable.Describeeachsubgroupintermsofattributesofthedependentvariable.Readthetablebycomparingindependentvariablesubgroupsintermsofanattributeofthedependentvariable.PercentagingaTableA.Somemenandwomenwhofavor(=)sexualequalityordon’t(°⁄)favorit.B.Separatethemenandthewomen(theindependentvariable).C.Withineachgendergroup,separatethosewhofavorequalityfromthosewhodon’t(thedependentvariable).PercentagingaTableD.Countthenumbersineachcellofthetable.E.Whatpercentageofthewomenfavorequality?F.Whatpercentageofthemenfavorequality?PercentagingaTableG.ConclusionsWhileamajorityofbothmenandwomenfavoredsexualequality,womenweremorelikelythanmentodoso.Thus,genderappearstobeoneofthecausesofattitudestowardsexualequality.ChurchAttendanceReportedbyMenandWomenin2000MenWomenWeekly25%33%Lessoften7566100%=(1,199)(1,538)ContingencyTablesValuesofthedependentvariablearecontingentonvaluesoftheindependentvariable.MultivariateAnalysisAnalysisofmorethantwovariablessimultaneously.MultivariateAnalysisAnalysisofmorethantwovariablessimultaneously.Canbeusedtounderstandtherelationshipbetweentwovariablesmorefully.QuestionWhichofthefollowingdescribetheanalysisofmorethantwovariables?A.experimentaldesignsB.quasi-experimentaldesignsC.qualitativeevaluationsD.multivariateanalysisE.noneofthesechoicesAnswer:DMultivariateanalysisdescribestheanalysisofmorethantwovariables.SociologicalDiagnosticsMultivariatetechniquescanbeusedaspowerfultoolsfordiagnosingsocialproblems.Theyreplaceopinionswithfactstosettleideologicaldebateswithdataanalysis.QuickQuiz1.Theprocessofconvertingdatatonumericalformatiscalled_______________.A.feministresearchB.qualificationC.quantificationD.noneofthesechoicesAnswer:CTheprocessofconvertingdatatonume