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感觉&知觉III2012/10/92012/10/9听觉与平衡觉TheauditoryperipherywithinthehumanheadEardrum:ovalwindow=35:1(increasepressuregaininmiddleear)2012/10/9SoundpressureasafunctionoftimeforthesinusoidalpressureofapuretoneThethresholdofhumanhearingisabout0dB(theamplitudeofairparticlemovementsareabout0.01uminextent).Theupperlimitofhumanhearingisabout120dB.Humanaresensitivebetween20Hzand20,000Hz(mostsensitive1-4kHz).2012/10/9DecibelsDecibelsaredefinedasalogarithmicunitofsoundintensity.Mathematicallyadecibel(dB)isdefinedas:WhereP1andP2arepowersinWatts.Decibelscanalsobecalculatedusingamplitudes.Theaboveequationbecomes:WhereA1andA2areamplitudes.Inthefirstdemonstration,track1,weheara440Hztone(A4onthemusicalscale).Thetoneisthenreducedin1dBsteps.Ontracks2thetoneisreducedinstepsof3dB.2012/10/9Intensityvs.LoudnessIntensityLoudnessToillustratetherelationshipbetweenintensityandloudnessbasedontheFletcher-Munsoncurves,ademonstrationwascreatedthatplaysvariousfrequenciesataconstantSPL.Track1showsthattheperceivedloudnessoftonesvariesatequalsoundintensity.2012/10/9Frequency8kHz10kHz12kHz14kHz15kHz16kHzAgegroupEveryoneBelow60yearsBelow50yearsBelow45yearsBelow40yearsBelow24yearsMosquitoringtone17.4kHz18kHz19kHz20kHz21kHz22kHzBelow24yearsBelow24yearsBelow24yearsBelow24yearsBelow20yearsBelow20years高音频手机铃声「老」师听不见://~loizou/cimplants/cdemos.htmAscendingpathwayofauditorysystemCochleaCochlearnucleusSuperiorolivarycomplexNucleiofthelaterallemniscusInferiorcolliculusMedialgeniculatebodyAuditorycortex2012/10/9ITDresultsfromthelongertimeittakessoundtotravelfromthesourcetotheearawayfromthesource.Goodforlowfrequencies(1kHz)ILDresultsfromtheheadforminga“soundshadow”,reducingthelevelofsoundattheearawayfromthesource.Goodforhighfrequencies(3kHz)Inhuman,wearesomewhatlessaccurateatthemiddlefrequencies.Minimumdiscriminationangleisonedegreeofazimuth(10usinITDor1dBinILD)2012/10/92012/10/9人类的「听声辨人」能力很差BBCHumanSenses2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9演唱会的声音魔力BBCHumanSenses2012/10/9关于音乐感知的神奇个案1天打雷劈席可瑞遭到雷击，大难不死。就在他的生活似乎恢复正常两、三天后，最惊异的事才要开始——他突然有股强烈的渴望，想要听钢琴乐声。4心灵唱盘父亲口袋里总摆着两三本管弦乐袖珍总谱，在看病人的空档翻阅，乐曲就自动在心中演奏。用不着把唱片放进唱机，他就能好生享受这无声的音乐。5脑虫入侵电影或电视剧主题曲，还有广告，常常都有余音绕梁三日不绝的魔力，这种在我们的脑海中萦绕不去的旋律就叫「脑虫」。9爸爸打喷嚏的音是G十九世纪的牛津音乐教授欧斯雷爵士音感绝佳，他在五岁的时候说：爸爸打喷嚏的音是G，风吹的音是D，家里的钟当当响的那两个音是B调……12脑袋装了两千出歌剧的人马丁记得两千出以上的歌剧以及全部的清唱剧，这种音乐天分实在教人叹为观止，然而除去音乐，他的脑袋几乎空无一物。28音乐小精灵葛萝莉亚拥有女高音的美妙嗓音，会唱两千首左右的曲子……可是她不会「五加三」，也无法独立生活，就像大多数的威廉斯氏症患者。脑袋装了2000出歌剧的人2012/10/9「平衡感」需要内耳、本体感觉、视觉BBCHumanSenses2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9触觉与痛觉2012/10/9ConnectivetissueHeatStrongpressureHairmovementNerveGentletouchEpidermisDermisHypodermisPainColdHairVariationintwo-pointlimen(threshold)acrossthebodysurfaceFingertip:0.9mm,aroundmouth:0.5mmLegs,shoulders,andback:60-70mm2012/10/9SomatotopicorganizationofhumanSI(Penfield,1950)2012/10/92012/10/9DifferentspeciesrelyondifferentpartsofthebodyforadaptivesomatosensoryinformationTheareaofrepresentationofthehandinthesomatosensorycortexchangesaftersurgicalcorrectionofsyndactylyofdigits2-52012/10/9Phantomlimbsensationscanbeevokedbystimulatingbodysurfaces2012/10/9幻肢（Phantomlimb）2012/10/9Mirrorbox治疗幻肢的方式2012/10/9痛由心生BBCHumanSenses2012/10/9味觉与嗅觉2012/10/9Oishii（好好吃）2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9超级味觉BBCHumanSenses2012/10/9味觉其实是靠嗅觉BBCHumanSenses「风味」与「口味」不同bulbBoneEpithelialcellOdorantreceptorsPlasmamembraneOdorants2012/10/9OdorantsNasalcavityChemo-receptorCiliaMucus人类的嗅觉BrainActionpotentialsOlfactoryOdormolecules(odorobject)givenoffbythejasmineflower2012/10/9MainprojectionpathwaysintheolfactorysystemAON:anteriorolfactorynucleusPC:pyriformcortexOT:olfactorytubercleAMYG:amygdalaTEC:transitionalentorhinalcortexNHLDB:nucleusofhorizontallimbofdiagonalbandMD:mediodorsal2012/10/92012/10/9嗅觉感受因人而异BBCHumanSensesphysiologicalandreproductiveresponses.(adaptedfromDulacandTorello,NRN2003)FunctionalandanatomicalsegregationofthetwomammalianolfactorysystemsInformationprovidedbypheromonesignalsisprimarilyprocessedbyadistinctneuralcircuit.Pheromonesaremostlydetectedbysensoryneuronsinthevomeronasalorgan(VNO),abilateraltubularstructureintheanteriorregionofthenasalcavity.VNOaxonsprojecttotheaccessoryolfactorybulb(AOB),whichinturntransmitssensoryinformationtothevomeronasalamygdala(VA)andthentospecificnucleiofthehypothalamus(H),whichareinvolvedinregulatinggeneticallypre-programmed犁鼻器2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9闻女性负面情绪时的眼泪会降低男性性欲2012/10/9感觉整合2012/10/9视觉vs.听觉McGurkEffect2012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/92012/10/9好书分享2012/10/9脑袋装了2000出歌剧的人MUSICOPHILIA:TalesofMusicandtheBrain作者：奥立佛‧萨克斯原文作者：OliverSacks译者：廖月娟出版社：天下文化出版日期：2008年08月29日神经内科医师萨克斯研究发现，音乐比语言占用更多脑细胞。音乐「让人起舞、影响情绪、引起购买欲，勾起回忆……音乐代表着心灵与感受，超乎经验，无法形容」。萨克斯这本新书中的精采故事，包括知名心理分析家饱受脑中重复出现的歌声困扰；威廉斯氏症候群的小孩拥有过人的音